資料No. ： NS140402 

I-1 TOEIC, TOEFL練習問題
(1) TOEIC
'1. The signs posted in all of the cars discourage passengers from using ------- cell phones while riding the train.
(A) its (B) our (C) their (D) your

'2. The new employee, with his experience living abroad, provided valuable ------- to dealing with the international clients.
(A) concentration　(B) explanation　(C) insight　(D) offers

'3. Each of the partners ------- a stake in the company, so it is essential that they stay on top of the ongoing investigation.
(A) had　(B) has　(C) have　(D) is having

(2) TOEFL
'1. Laozi is a legendary figure who ----- one of the basic books of the Chinese philosophy known as Taoism, or Daoism.
(A) said is to have written　(B) is said to have written　
(C) is said having to write　(D) had said to have been written

'2. Educational psychologists use the knowledge and methods of ----- to study the processes of learning and teaching.
(A) psychological　(B) psychologically　(C) psychology　(D) psychologist

'3. Since the directional orientation of the body has no effect on comfort in a weightless environment, sleeping bags in the International Space Station are vertical to the floor, and ----- to a wall.
(A) to be attached　(B) attaching　(C) attached　(D) to attach

'4. ----- plant material can be used as a soil conditioner known as compost, which helps increase soil fertility.
(A) Partial decayed　(B) Partially decayed　(C) Decayed partially　(D) Decayed partial

'5. The typical university ----- bachelor's, master's, specialist, and doctoral degrees.
(A) to grant (B) granting (C) it grants (D) grants

'6. The stomach, small intestine (A)and large intestine (B)are (C)they included (D)in the human digestive tract.

'7. A coral reef usually (A)forms in an elongated shape roughly (B)parallel to a shoreline, and is separated (C)from the shore by (D)their lagoon or other body of water.

'8. In 1961, a computer succeeded (A)to the first time ever (B)in generating specifications for the number of components and (C)most efficient wiring plan for (D)another computer.

'9. The process of (A)progressive medical care may begin (B)with intensive care, (C)followed by intermediate care, long-term care, (D)but self care or home-care.

'10. (A)An imperfect rhyme (B)in which two words are (C)spelling similarly but pronounced differently is known in poetry (D)as an eye rhyme.

I-2 TOEIC, TOEFL 練習問題解答
(1) TOEIC
'1. The signs posted in all of the cars discourage passengers from using ------- cell phones while riding the train.
(A) its (B) our (C) their (D) your
訳； 全車両に掲示されているお知らせは、列車乗車時は携帯電話を使用しないよう乗客に促している。
※正解(C)。解説 passengersという複数形を受けるのに適切な代名詞はtheirです。discourage someone from -ingで「…〈人〉が〜するのをやめさせる［思いとどまらせる］」の意味を表します。

'2. The new employee, with his experience living abroad, provided valuable ------- to dealing with the international clients.
(A) concentration　(B) explanation　(C) insight　(D) offers
訳； その新入社員は海外在住経験を生かして、海外の顧客とのやりとりに関する貴重な見識をもたらした。
※正解(C)。解説 熟語の問題。［provide＋形容詞＋insight to ...］で「…に関する〜な見識をもたらす」の意味を表します。この表現で使われる形容詞は通常、valuable（貴重な）やuseful（役に立つ）などの肯定的な意味を持つものです。またdeal with ...は「…に対応する；…を扱う」の意味です。

'3. Each of the partners ------- a stake in the company, so it is essential that they stay on top of the ongoing investigation.
(A) had　(B) has　(C) have　(D) is having
訳； 共同経営者の一人ひとりが会社に出資しているため、各人が進行中の調査を完全に把握しておくのは当然のことだ。
※正解(B)。解説 Each of the partnersに続く動詞は、partnersではなくeachに一致させる必要があるので、hasが正答になります。

(2) TOEFL
'1. Laozi is a legendary figure who ----- one of the basic books of the Chinese philosophy known as Taoism, or Daoism.
(A) said is to have written　(B) is said to have written　
(C) is said having to write　(D) had said to have been written
※正解(B)。【解説】　「……だと言われている」の意味を表すにはis said to... を使う。この後に完了形have writtenが続くと「……を書いたと言われている」という意味になる。

'2. Educational psychologists use the knowledge and methods of ----- to study the processes of learning and teaching.
(A) psychological　(B) psychologically　(C) psychology　(D) psychologist
※正解(C)。【解説】　空所の後に不定詞toが来ているので、形容詞psychological、副詞psychologicallyが使えないのはすぐに分かる。psychologistを使うならその前に冠詞が必要である。正解は(C)。

'3. Since the directional orientation of the body has no effect on comfort in a weightless environment, sleeping bags in the International Space Station are vertical to the floor, and ----- to a wall.
(A) to be attached　(B) attaching　(C) attached　(D) to attach
※正解(C)。【解説】　andの前にareを補って考え、過去分詞attachedを空所に入れれば「壁に取り付けられている」の意味になる。

'4. ----- plant material can be used as a soil conditioner known as compost, which helps increase soil fertility.
(A) Partial decayed　(B) Partially decayed　(C) Decayed partially　(D) Decayed partial
※正解(B)。【解説】　過去分詞decayed「腐った、腐敗した」を修飾するには副詞partially「部分的に」を用いる。Partially decayedの語順にすれば「部分的に腐った」という意味になる。compost「堆肥」。

'5. The typical university ----- bachelor's, master's, specialist, and doctoral degrees.
(A) to grant (B) granting (C) it grants (D) grants
※正解(D)。【解説】　空所の後にはこの文の動詞に該当する語（句）が見あたらない。したがって、ここには動詞grants「認める、授与する」が入ることになる。

'6. The stomach, small intestine (A)and large intestine (B)are (C)they included (D)in the human digestive tract.
※正解(C)。【解説】　they → カットする。接続詞and、areに問題はない。theyはこの文では必要ない。theyの代わりにall、eachを使ってもいい。be included in... で「……に含まれる」の意味。

'7. A coral reef usually (A)forms in an elongated shape roughly (B)parallel to a shoreline, and is separated (C)from the shore by (D)their lagoon or other body of water.
※正解(D)。【解説】　their → a。forms「形をなす」、parallel to... 「……に平行して」、前置詞fromの用法に問題はない。theirは何を指すのか分からない。ここは冠詞aを用いる。

'8. In 1961, a computer succeeded (A)to the first time ever (B)in generating specifications for the number of components and (C)most efficient wiring plan for (D)another computer.
※正解(A)。【解説】　to → for。前置詞toの後にthe first timeが来ている点に注目。「初めて、最初に」という意味を表すにはtoではなくforを使う。

'9. The process of (A)progressive medical care may begin (B)with intensive care, (C)followed by intermediate care, long-term care, (D)but self care or home-care.
※正解(D)。【解説】　but → and。progressive「段階的な、連続する」、前置詞with、過去分詞followedの用法に問題はない。意味からしてbutはandにしなければならない。

'10. (A)An imperfect rhyme (B)in which two words are (C)spelling similarly but pronounced differently is known in poetry (D)as an eye rhyme.
※正解(C)。【解説】　spelling → spelled。rhymeは可算名詞。前置詞＋関係代名詞in whichの用法に問題はない。but以下を見れば、spellingが過去分詞spelledになることが分かる。as「……として」。

II. 時事英文
The Necessity Of Cooperation In Space Exploration (その5：全6回シリーズ)
"The question facing us today is whether we can muster the courage and political will to advance space exploration and ensure that cooperation continues to trump competition. If we do that - if we choose to put our collective strength behind cooperative efforts rather than competing efforts - the opportunities are as vast as the solar system itself."

III - a. 雑知識
01. " fake / 〜のふりをする "
別人による楽曲の代作が問題となっている佐村河内（さむらごうち）守さんが「約３年前から聴力が回復していた」と明かした。
Mamoru Samuragochi, Japan's once-beloved "present-day Beethoven" composer, admitted that he also faked his deafness - but for only three years. は、AJW の記事から。

02. " get under way / 始まる、開幕する "
Russia's Winter Olympics got under way on Feb. 7 with a grandiose opening ceremony watched by President Vladimir Putin. は、ソチ五輪の開会式について伝えた Reuters 通信の記事から。

03. " vocal / （意見や感情などを）遠慮なく声高に言う、表明する "
沖縄県を訪問したキャロライン・ケネディ駐日米大使は、辺野古への米軍普天間飛行場移設に反対する稲嶺進市長と初めて会談した。
Caroline Kennedy met with a vocal opponent of moves to relocate the U.S. Marine Corps Air Station Futenma to Nago city. は、AJW の記事から。

04. " on a collision course with / 衝突必至の "
スイスの国民投票で移民数制限が賛成多数となり、欧州連合（EU）との関係が悪化しかねない状況となった。
The vote forces the Swiss government to reintroduce immigration quotas, putting Switzerland on a collision course with the European Union. は、Reuters 通信の記事から。

05. " driver / 推進する要因 "
安倍政権はユネスコの無形文化遺産に「和食」の登録が決まったことが農林水産物の輸出の追い風になると見ている。
The government views the recent UNESCO designation of "washoku" as an Intangible Cultural Heritage, as a likely driver of growing exports of farm and marine products. は、AJW の記事から。

III -b. ABCニュースから
ABCニュースは、クリントン前国務長官が、女子学生から「あなた以外に誰が女性の大統領になるのか」と言われた話題を伝えています。
In front of 1,200 college students, one cuts to the chase. 「1,200人の大学生の前で、その１人が単刀直入に話した」。

キーワードは、cut to the chase「単刀直入に言う」。前置きや余談を抜きにして、「直接本題に入る」。「ずばり要点を言う」。アクション映画でchase「カーチェイス」など山場となる場面以外の部分を
cut「削除する」というのがもともとの意味です。

今回のキーワードは、cut to the chase「単刀直入に言う」です。

[例文]
On stage in front of 1,200 college students, one cuts to the chase.in politics in America. If you don't represent women.as future president, who will?
1人の大学生が単刀直入に言った.あなたが女性大統領にならなければ誰がなるのですか？
　
And here's the answer. .I appreciate the sentiment. Look, I am…
答えは… 気持ちはうれしいです　私はとにかく…
　
.I am very much concerned about the direction of our country and.it's not just who runs for office
but what they do when they get there..Jimmy Kimmel was not about to let Clinton off the ook..She wants an answer.
私はこの国の方向性に深い関心を持っています
誰が大統領になっても大切なのは政策です司会者は容赦しない
早く答えを
　
Well, I'm getting to it. So, let me… so let me say this. That… give me your name and number.
分かりました　こう言いましょう　あなたの名前と連絡先を教えて
　
I will proudly run your campaign.
喜んで選挙運動を手伝います

IV. Jokes
'a. Bed, Bath, And Way, Way Beyond
In the hardware store, a clerk asked, "Can I help you find anything?"
"How about my misspent youth," joked my husband.
The clerk shot back, "We keep that in the back, between world peace and winning lottery tickets."

'b. Relaxing Location
While my parents were making their funeral arrangements, the cemetery salesman pointed out a plot that he thought they would like. "You'll have a beautiful view of the swan pond," he assured them.
Dad wasn't sold: "Unless you're including a periscope with my casket, I don't know how I'm going to enjoy it."

'c. A Dime a Dozen
While visiting a retirement community, my wife and I decided to do some shopping and soon became separated.
"Excuse me," I said, approaching a clerk. "I'm looking for my wife. She has white hair and is wearing white shoes."
Gesturing around the store, the clerk responded, "Take your pick."


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