資料No. ： NS140326 

I-1 TOEIC, TOEFL練習問題
(1) TOEIC
'1. Officials refused to say exactly who was ------- for the tragic accident before the investigation was complete.
(A) responded　(B) responsibility　(C) responsible　(D) responsive

'2. In a case of ------- identity, security staff at the airport detained the company president for four hours.
(A) confused　(B) mistaken　(C) opposite　(D) unknown

'3. When the debate became heated, Mr. Ferrell suggested that the group ------- a short break to cool down.
(A) has taken　(B) take　(C) took　(D) will take

(2) TOEFL
'1 The first native-born mayor of New York City was Stephanus Van Cortlandt, ----- Dutch-American colonial merchant and public official.
(A) being　(B) to be a　(C) was a　(D) a

'2. If brain size ----- were an indication of intelligence, then elephants and other non-human animals would have to be considered the most intelligent beings of all.
(A) unique　(B) alone　(C) just　(D) even

'3. Dislocation occurs when any part of the body is moved out of its normal position, in particular when a ball-and-socket joint is taken ----- in an injury.
(A) around　(B) along　(C) among　(D) apart

'4. The Liberty Bell, which now ----- in a museum pavilion in Independence National Historical Park in downtown Philadelphia, was rung in 1776 to announce the adoption of the Declaration of the U.S. Independence.
(A) hangs　(B) hung　(C) hanging　(D) hang

'5. Kiribati is a country of 33 small islands in the central Pacific Ocean, ----- its capital in the island of Tarawa.
(A) in　(B) at　(C) for　(D) with

'6. (A)Although a universal and (B)precisely definition of emotion is virtually impossible to pin down, (C)most agree that it is a natural state of mind that emerges (D)in response to circumstances.

'7. The element mendelevium is (A)a radioactive substance (B)who has never been found (C)in nature, but (D)which can be produced synthetically.

'8. Voyager is the name (A)giving to two space probes (B)launched in 1977 by the United States (C)to explore the planet Jupiter and the (D)outer solar system.

'9. Willow shrubs and trees (A)provide shade, erosion control, and (B)timber, as (C)good as salicin, the source of salicylic acid (D)used in aspirin.

'10. The manipulation of people and events (A)through the supposed (B)using of magical (C)powers is (D)thought to be one of the oldest forms of religion.

I-2 TOEIC, TOEFL 練習問題解答
(1) TOEIC
'1. Officials refused to say exactly who was ------- for the tragic accident before the investigation was complete.
(A) responded　(B) responsibility　(C) responsible　(D) responsive
訳； 当局は、その悲惨な事故はだれに責任があるのか、調査が完了するまでは明言するのを拒んだ。
※正解(C)。解説 be responsible for ...で「…に関与する；…の責任を負う」の意味になります。responsiveは「反応の良い」の意味です。

'2. In a case of ------- identity, security staff at the airport detained the company president for four hours.
(A) confused　(B) mistaken　(C) opposite　(D) unknown
訳； 人違いで、空港の警備スタッフはその会社社長を４時間拘束した。
※正解(B)。解説 選択肢はすべて形容詞として使える語で、confusedは「困惑した」、mistakenは「間違えた」、oppositeは「反対の」、unknownは「未知の」の意味です。

'3. When the debate became heated, Mr. Ferrell suggested that the group ------- a short break to cool down.
(A) has taken　(B) take　(C) took　(D) will take
訳； 議論が白熱してきたときに、フェレル氏が皆に提案したのは、短い休憩を取って頭を冷やそうということだった。
※正解(B)。解説 suggestが導く節では、動詞は原形が使われます。suggestのほかに、recommend / request / requireなども同様です。

(2) TOEFL
'1 The first native-born mayor of New York City was Stephanus Van Cortlandt, ----- Dutch-American colonial merchant and public official.
(A) being　(B) to be a　(C) was a　(D) a
※正解(D)。【解説】　この文の動詞はwasである。Stephanus Van Cortlandtの後にはこの人物を説明する語句が来ているので、冠詞aを付けるだけでいい。

'2. If brain size ----- were an indication of intelligence, then elephants and other non-human animals would have to be considered the most intelligent beings of all.
(A) unique　(B) alone　(C) just　(D) even
※正解(B)。【解説】　If文の意味を考えてみるといい。「脳の大きさだけが知能の高さを表すのなら」という意味にするには、aloneを空所に入れればいい。

'3. Dislocation occurs when any part of the body is moved out of its normal position, in particular when a ball-and-socket joint is taken ----- in an injury.
(A) around　(B) along　(C) among　(D) apart
※正解(D)。【解説】　脱臼（Dislocation）は球関節（ball-and-socket joint）がはずれた時に起こるのである。空所にapartを入れれば「はずれる」の意味になる。

'4. The Liberty Bell, which now ----- in a museum pavilion in Independence National Historical Park in downtown Philadelphia, was rung in 1776 to announce the adoption of the Declaration of the U.S. Independence.
(A) hangs　(B) hung　(C) hanging　(D) hang
※正解(A)。【解説】　nowがあるので過去形のhungは使えない。また、分詞hanging、hangが使えないのもすぐにわかるだろう。空所にはThe Liberty Bellに呼応したhangsが入る。

'5. Kiribati is a country of 33 small islands in the central Pacific Ocean, ----- its capital in the island of Tarawa.
(A) in　(B) at　(C) for　(D) with
※正解(D)。【解説】　前置詞withには状況を表す働きがあるので、空所にwithを入れれば後から「首都はタラワ島にある」と補足説明していることになる。

'6. (A)Although a universal and (B)precisely definition of emotion is virtually impossible to pin down, (C)most agree that it is a natural state of mind that emerges (D)in response to circumstances.
※正解(B)。【解説】　precisely → precise。接続詞Althoughの用法に問題はない。名詞definition「定義」の前に形容詞universalとandがあるということは、当然、副詞preciselyは形容詞preciseにしなくてはいけない。

'7. The element mendelevium is (A)a radioactive substance (B)who has never been found (C)in nature, but (D)which can be produced synthetically.
※正解(B)。【解説】　who → that/which。substance 「物質」は可算名詞。whoとwhichは共にsubstanceを受けているので、whoはwhich/thatにしなくてはいけない。natureの前に冠詞theは必要ない。mendelevium「メンデレビウム（放射性元素）」。

'8. Voyager is the name (A)giving to two space probes (B)launched in 1977 by the United States (C)to explore the planet Jupiter and the (D)outer solar system.
※正解(A)。【解説】　giving → given。the name giving to ... は文脈から判断して「……に与えられた名前である」という意味を表すはずである。givingを過去分詞givenにしなければこの意味にならない。probe「宇宙探査用ロケット」、outer「外の」。

'9. Willow shrubs and trees (A)provide shade, erosion control, and (B)timber, as (C)good as salicin, the source of salicylic acid (D)used in aspirin.
※正解(C)。【解説】　good → well。provide「供給する」、timber「材木」に問題はない。「……もまた」という意味にするにはgoodをwellにしなくてはいけない。usedの前にwhich isが略されている。

'10. The manipulation of people and events (A)through the supposed (B)using of magical (C)powers is (D)thought to be one of the oldest forms of religion.
※正解(B)。【解説】　using → use。この場合の前置詞throughは「……によって」という意味を表す。「使用」の意味を表すには動名詞usingではなく名詞useを用いる。powersは可算名詞。be thought to be ... 「……だと思われている」。

II. 時事英文
The Necessity Of Cooperation In Space Exploration (その4：全6回シリーズ)
Speaking before this unprecedented gathering, Deputy Secretary of State William Burns said that "Space exploration fuels economic growth. It spurs scientific and technological innovation. It inspires our young people. And at a relatively modest financial investment, it provides direct, real, and lasting benefits in nearly every aspect of modern-day life - from public health and safety to energy and information technology:"

III - a. 雑知識
01. " leave stranded / 立ち往生したままになる "
東日本を襲った記録的な大雪の影響で、中央線の一部区間で運転見合わせが続き、駅の会議室などで約300人が足止め状態となった。Portions of the JR Chuo Line remained out of service, with about 300 passengers left stranded as of Feb. 18. はAJW の記事から。

02. " irrespective of / 〜に関係なく "
ノルディックスキー・ジャンプ男子団体（ラージヒル）で日本が銅メダルを獲得した際、葛西紀明選手は、「メダルを取れたことが最高にうれしい。メダルの色は関係ない」と語った。"I am just supremely happy with the fact that we were able to win a medal, irrespective of its color." は、AJW の記事から。

03. " stunned silence / 水を打ったような静けさ "
ソチ五輪フィギュアスケート女子ショートプログラムで、地元ロシアのユリア・ リプニツカヤ選手がトリプルフリップを飛んだ後に着地で転倒した。Lipnitskaya left the crowd in stunned silence as she crashed to the ice on a triple flip. は、Reuters 通信の記事から。

04. " on a collision course with / 衝突必至の "
スイスの国民投票で移民数制限が賛成多数となり、欧州連合（EU）との関係が悪化しかねない状況となった。
The vote forces the Swiss government to reintroduce immigration quotas, putting Switzerland on a collision course with the European Union. は、Reuters 通信の記事から。

05. " tit-for-tat / 仕返しの、報復の "
レバノンでは、隣国シリアの内戦が波及する形で宗派間の衝突や爆弾テロが続発している。
The violence in Syria has set off a wave of tit-for-tat car bombings in Lebanon. は、Reuters 通信の記事から。

III -b. ABCニュースから
ABCニュースは、東部フィラデルフィアを中心に
power line「電線」の着氷による停電が相次いでいると伝えています。

Ice has forced power lines to come crashing down.
「氷の重さが電線を落下させている」。

キーワードは、power line「電線」。
ここでのpowerはelectric power「電力」のこと。
例えばpower plantで「発電所」。
power outageで「停電」、
get power backで「停電を復旧する」。

ABCニュースは、停電を復旧する作業は
unpredictable「予測のつかない」、
painstaking「苦労の多い」仕事だと伝えています。

[例文]
Another winter blast. This one bringing heavy wet snow and ice.
今回の寒波は重くて湿った雪と氷をもたらした
.Especially hard-hit, the Philadelphia area.. More than half a million people here
will spend the night in the dark.
被害が大きいのがフィラデルフィアで50万人が停電に直面している
　　
.Ice has forced power lines and trees to come crashing down.
氷で電線が地面に落ち 木も倒れた
Watch as this one causes a nearby van to catch fire.
電線から火がついた自動車もあった
　
A power line 300 feet long covered in two inches of ice gets more than 2,200 pounds heavier.
300フィートの電線は2インチの着氷で2,200ポンド(1トン)以上重くなる

That's more than enough to snap a power line.
電線が優に切れる重さだ
　
Hundreds of thousands now left in the dark. Getting the power back for a city is a painstaking and
unpredictable process.
数十万人が停電の影響を受けているが復旧作業は骨の折れるものだ
　
Officials are telling us. it could take as long as a week for some to get power back. .And another storm could hit Sunday night.
復旧に1週間かかる地域もあると担当者は言うが-日曜日は再び嵐の予報だ

IV. Jokes
'a. Next Time Someone Complains About…
Next time somebody complains about millennials, remind him which generation linoleumed over all those beautiful hardwood floors.

'b. Frozen Account
My cousin always "borrows" money from her older brother's piggy bank, which drives him crazy. One day, she found the piggy in, of all places, the freezer. Inside was this note: "Dear sister, I hope you'll understand, but my capital has been frozen."

'c. Conversation With A Customer-Service Representative:
Me: I have a Roundup Multi Purpose Sprayer that is defective.

Customer Rep: Ma'am, we'll need the exact name of the item. Do you have the box?

Me: No, but it's the Roundup Multi Purpose Sprayer.

Customer Rep: Ma'am, we'll need the box so we can have the exact name of the product.

Me: Hold on. I'll run out to my garage and get the box. [Long pause ... ]
OK … [huff ... puff] I have it. It says … Roundup Multi Purpose Sprayer.

Customer Rep: Thank you for that information, ma'am.


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