資料No. : NS130626 

I-1 TOEIC, TOEFL練習問題
(1) TOEIC
1. Part V ; Incomplete Sentence練習問題
In spite of circumstantial evidence pointing to his guilt, the accused _______ that he was innocent.
(A) interrogated  (B) inquired  (C) persuaded  (D) maintained

2. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題
Since John lacks experience in negotiation, he feels so _______ whenever he meets potential clients.
(A) awkward  (B) awkwardly  (C) easy  (D) easily

3. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題
Due to the worsening economy, many small and medium-sized companies have gone _______.
(A) bankruptcy  (B) bankrupt  (C) banking  (D) banker

4. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題
_______ may emerge a new party capable of taking power from the present government.
(A) They  (B) Their  (C) Theirs  (D) There

5. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題
The police _______ the demonstration on the grounds that it might lead to violence.
(A) have banned  (B) has ban  (C) banning  (D) are ban

6. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題
She just didn't have _______ to ask for a raise.
(A) the nerve  (B) the plan  (C) the gut  (D) the feel

7. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題
I was happy that I _______ work so early this afternoon.
(A) got there (B) got home (C) got off (D) got in

(2) TOEFL
1. 空所補充問題
When the tunnel connecting France ----- England was completed in the 1990s, they created the first dry connection between the two land masses since the Ice Age.
(A) for (B) with (C) while (D) where

2. 空所補充問題
The fiber produced by some species of spider ----- that it has up to 200 times the tensile strength of steel wire of the same thickness.
(A) so resilient (B) is so resilient (C) is resilient (D) which is so resilient

3. 空所補充問題
The lack of detailed information on the private life of Shakespeare has led to ----- that he may be a legendary figure.
(A) speculate (B) speculating (C) speculation (D) speculative

4. 空所補充問題
According to Einstein's theory of relativity, the speed of light is not relative, ----- constant.
(A) but (B) and (C) or (D) despite

5. 空所補充問題
The controversy over whether the solar system ----- heliocentric began before, and continued long after Copernicus formally proposed the idea.
(A) being (B) were (C) is (D) has been

6. 正誤問題
(A)Beer was (B)considered an important source of nutrition in (C)a 17th century, especially (D)on long sea voyages.

7. 正誤問題
(A)Given a limited supply of essential nutrients, the rate (B)which a population of microorganisms (C)increases will limit the duration of (D)its growth.

8. 正誤問題
As is (A)the cases with many artists, the genius of French (B)critic, composer and conductor Louis Hector Berlioz (C)was not understood (D)until decades after his death in 1869.

9. 正誤問題
(A)Ever since the earliest (B)existing texts were set down, writers have always used similes (C)or metaphors to get a point (D)around.

10. 正誤問題
(A)Any birth that occurs (B)less than 37 weeks (C)after conception is considered premature, (D)requires special medical attention.

I-2 TOEIC, TOEFL 練習問題解答
(1) TOEIC
1. Part V ; Incomplete Sentence練習問題
In spite of circumstantial evidence pointing to his guilt, the accused _______ that he was innocent.
(A) interrogated  (B) inquired  (C) persuaded  (D) maintained
訳; 状況証拠からすれば有罪であるのだが、被告は無罪を主張した。
※正解(D)。 【文構造】「the accused (S) ____ (V) that節 (O) 」 の第3文型。accusedはtheがつくと「被告人」の意になる。In spite of 〜は「〜にもかかわらず」の意で副詞句を導く。
【着眼点】that節をOにとって第3文型を作れるのはmaintain(主張する)のみ。
【選択肢】interrogate は「(人)を尋問する」の意。inquire (=問う)はwh節ならOにとれる。persuade(=説得する)は「persuade+人+that節」の第4文型はある。

2. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題
Since John lacks experience in negotiation, he feels so _______ whenever he meets potential clients.
(A) awkward  (B) awkwardly  (C) easy  (D) easily
訳; ジョンは交渉の経験が不足しているので、顧客になりそうな人に会うたびにまごまごする。
※正解(A)。 【文構造】Since 〜 negotiationは「理由」、またwhenever(=at any time when)〜 clientsは「時」を表す副詞節。骨格部分はhe (S) feels (V) __ となる。
【着眼点】since節の内容から考えて空所にはネガティブな語がくるから (C) と (D) は消える。he feels 〜は「he=〜であるように感じる」の意でfeelは「である型」の不完全自動詞。空所にはCがくるが、副詞はCにならないから (A) のawkwardが正解。

3. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題
Due to the worsening economy, many small and medium-sized companies have gone _______.
(A) bankruptcy  (B) bankrupt  (C) banking  (D) banker
訳; 経済の悪化により、多くの中小企業が破産している。
※正解(B)。 【文構造】companies (S) have gone (V) はすぐにわかる。
【着眼点】「破産する」にあたる英語に何度か触れていながら、goと結びつくのが (A) か (B) かに迷う人は意外に多い。goは「になる型」の不完全自動詞のときは、Cに名詞をとらないのが原則(Cを選ばせる問題では正解が形容詞であるケースが非常に多いことも参考にできる)。語源の知識がなくても、 (A) と (B) のどちらに形容詞的響きが強いか大体の予想はつくだろう。軍配は (B) に上がる。bankruptcyの-cyは抽象名詞を作る接尾辞。

4. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題
_______ may emerge a new party capable of taking power from the present government.
(A) They  (B) Their  (C) Theirs  (D) There
訳; 現政府から政権を奪える新しい政党が現れるかもしれない。
※正解(D)。 【文構造】capable以下は後ろからpartyを修飾している形容詞句で修飾要素(M)。「may emerge=V」は明白だが、問題はpartyがSかOかCかということ。TheyやTheirsを選ぶと形はSVO(またはC)に見える。しかしemergeは完全自動詞なのでこの2つは無理。(B) のTheirs(所有格代名詞)がVを従えるのはおかしい。したがって正解は (D) で、may emerge が V で party が S の there 構文となる。
【注意】there構文に生ずるVは、appear, be, begin, come, emerge, exist, happen, lie, live, occur, stand などが一般的。

5. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題
The police _______ the demonstration on the grounds that it might lead to violence.
(A) have banned  (B) has ban  (C) banning  (D) are ban
訳; 警察は暴動に発展しかねないという理由でそのデモを禁止した。
※正解(A)。【着眼点】主語のpoliceは警官(policeman, policewoman, police officer)の集合体を表す集合名詞。集合名詞は、[1]その集合体を一単位と考えて単数扱いする場合と、[2]逆に集合体の個々の成員のほうを強く意識するため、語形上は単数形でも複数で扱われる場合とがある。ただし、このpoliceに関してはふつう [2]の用法のみで用いられる。
【選択肢】ban(=禁止する)は動詞。述語動詞として通るのは (A) のみ。

6. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題
She just didn't have _______ to ask for a raise.
(A) the nerve  (B) the plan  (C) the gut  (D) the feel
訳; 彼女には賃上げを要求する度胸がなかっただけです。
※正解(A)。 (A)か(C)で迷いそう。have the nerve は「神経が図太いこと」。gut は「内臓」。複数形 guts には「ガッツ、根性」の意がある。

7. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題
I was happy that I _______ work so early this afternoon.
(A) got there (B) got home (C) got off (D) got in
訳; 今日の午後はこんなに早く仕事が済んで嬉しい。
※正解(C)。happy なのは「仕事が済んだ」時。「…から離れる」のニュアンスを持つものを考える。日本語でも「オフ」という語は使う。

(2) TOEFL
1. 空所補充問題
When the tunnel connecting France ----- England was completed in the 1990s, they created the first dry connection between the two land masses since the Ice Age.
(A) for (B) with (C) while (D) where
※正解(B)。【解説】 空所に接続詞while、関係副詞whereが入るはずがない。動詞connectingと一緒に用いられる前置詞は何か?正解は(B) withである。

2. 空所補充問題
The fiber produced by some species of spider ----- that it has up to 200 times the tensile strength of steel wire of the same thickness.
(A) so resilient (B) is so resilient (C) is resilient (D) which is so resilient
※正解(B)。【解説】 接続詞thatの前にこの文の動詞がなければこの文は成立しない。is so resilientを空所に入れればso...that構文になる。

3. 空所補充問題
The lack of detailed information on the private life of Shakespeare has led to ----- that he may be a legendary figure.
(A) speculate (B) speculating (C) speculation (D) speculative
※正解(C)。【解説】 leadの後のtoは前置詞である。したがって、この後には名詞が来るはずである。正解は(C)speculationである。lead to speculation that... 「……だという憶測を呼ぶ」。

4. 空所補充問題
According to Einstein's theory of relativity, the speed of light is not relative, ----- constant.
(A) but (B) and (C) or (D) despite
※正解(A)。【解説】 not... but〜を使えば、「……ではなく〜である」の意味になる。

5. 空所補充問題
The controversy over whether the solar system ----- heliocentric began before, and continued long after Copernicus formally proposed the idea.
(A) being (B) were (C) is (D) has been
※正解(C)。【解説】 空所にはwhether節の動詞が入る。ここは(不変の)事実を述べているのでbe動詞はisを用いる。heliocentric「太陽を中心とした」。

6. 正誤問題
(A)Beer was (B)considered an important source of nutrition in (C)a 17th century, especially (D)on long sea voyages.
※正解(C)。【解説】 a → the。Beerの前に冠詞は必要ない。受け身としてのconsideredに問題はない。17th centuryの前ではaではなくtheを使わなくてはいけない。前置詞onの用法に誤りはない。

7. 正誤問題
(A)Given a limited supply of essential nutrients, the rate (B)which a population of microorganisms (C)increases will limit the duration of (D)its growth.
※正解(B)。【解説】 which → at which。Givenは分詞構文である。whichの前にatがなければ前後の文が繋がらない。increasesとitsに問題はない。

8. 正誤問題
As is (A)the cases with many artists, the genius of French (B)critic, composer and conductor Louis Hector Berlioz (C)was not understood (D)until decades after his death in 1869.
※正解(A)。【解説】 the cases → the case。As isの後に複数形のthe casesが来るのはどう見てもおかしい。As is the case with... で「……の場合と同様に」の意味になる。

9. 正誤問題
(A)Ever since the earliest (B)existing texts were set down, writers have always used similes (C)or metaphors to get a point (D)around.
※正解(D)。【解説】 around → across。Ever since「……以来」、existing「存在する」、orの用法に誤りはない。aroundをacrossにすれば、get... acrossで「……伝える」の意味になる。

10. 正誤問題
(A)Any birth that occurs (B)less than 37 weeks (C)after conception is considered premature, (D)requires special medical attention.
※正解(D)。【解説】 requires → requiring / and requires。is consideredがこの文の動詞である。その後にrequiresを使うと動詞が2つになってしまう。ここはrequiring(分詞構文)、あるいは、and requiresにしなければ文が成り立たない。

II. 時事英文
Energy Security (その6:全6回シリーズ)
"Energy and climate are critical elements of U.S. national security," Mr. Donilon said in conclusion. "These issues have risen to the top of U.S. diplomatic agendas: with Europeans considering their energy future; with China and other emerging powers addressing their growing needs; and with major energy consumers and producers, old and new . . . We are moving the U.S. energy position from a liability we manage into an asset that secures U.S. strength at home and leadership in the world."

III - a. 雑知識
01. " operating profit / 営業利益 "
粗利益(gross profit)から諸経費と間接費を引いたもの。円安効果が続き、自動車10社は計1兆円の営業利益上乗せを予想している。Ten major automakers forecast an operating profit increase of 1 trillion yen, thanks to the yen's continuing depreciation. は、The Asahi Shimbun AJW の記事から。

02. " given / 当然のこと "
Although automated welding is taken as a given in Japan, workers do it manually in China due to the inexpensive labor force. は、日本では機械化が当たり前の溶接も、人件費が安い中国では手作業が主流であることを伝えた The Asahi Shimbun AJW の記事から。

03. " spirit / 幽霊、亡霊 "
安倍内閣は、首相公邸に幽霊が出るとのうわさは「承知していない」とする答弁書を閣議決定した。The Cabinet on May 24 adopted a written answer saying, it "is not aware" of rumors that spirits dwell in the Prime Minister's Official Residence. は、The Asahi Shimbun AJW の記事から。

04. daredevil / 向こう見ずな、命知らずの "
Yuichiro Miura was a daredevil speed skier who skied down Everest's South Col in 1970, using a parachute to brake his descent. は、世界最高峰エベレストに80歳で3度目の登頂を果たした、冒険家の三浦雄一郎さんに関するAP 通信の記事から。

05. " lash out at / 〜を痛烈に非難する "
野党の超党派の女性議員が旧日本軍慰安婦をめぐる日本維新の会の橋下徹共同代表の一連の発言を強く批判した。Female lawmakers lashed out at recent "sexist" remarks about "comfort women" made by Osaka Mayor Toru Hashimoto. は、The Asahi Shimbun AJW の記事から。

06. " traffic / 不正に売買する "
Toru Hashimoto denied that Japan abducted and trafficked women for frontline brothels during World War II based on the will of the state authority. は、日本外国特派員協会で記者会見した橋下徹大阪市長に関する The Asahi Shimbun AJW の記事から。

III -b. 英語でどう言う?
「予定」に関係のある表現

問題 1 予定が詰まっている
あなたの誕生日パーティーに行ければいいんだけど、今週末は予定がいっぱいなんです。
I wish I could join your birthday party, but I'm completely ( ) this weekend.
a. stayed b. blocked c. deserved d. booked

問題 2 時間がある
午前中は家の掃除で忙しいけど、午後なら時間があります。
I'll be busy doing housecleaning this morning, but I will be ( ) in the afternoon.
a. available b. suitable c. capable d. reasonable

問題 3 時間を割く
キムラ教授、少しお時間をいただけますか?卒論のことでお話があります。
"Professor Kimura, can you ( ) a few minutes? I would like to have a word with you about my graduate thesis."
a. save b. spare c. replace d. reserve

問題 4 (予定の行事を)中止する
ジョンとメアリーは大ゲンカをして、結婚式を取りやめにした。
John and Mary had a big fight and ( ) the wedding.
a. jumped over b. choked on c. called off d, held down

問題 5 予定通りに
マラソンレースは日曜日に予定通りに行われる。
The marathon will take place ( ) on Sunday.
a. for arranged b. just scheduled c. with expected d. as planned

問題 6 滞在を延長する
妻と私はニューヨークが大変気に入ったので、もう1週間滞在を延長した。
My wife and I liked New York so much that we decided to ( ) our stay for another week.
a. enlarge b. extend c. enhance d. entice

回答 1-d 2-a 3-b 4-c 5-d 6-b

III -c. Elementary Question
Question: What is the name of the French scientist who said a "human being is a thinking reed?" His name is used in weather forecasting.
Answer: Pascal
Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) was a 17th-century scientist who died in his 30s. One of his studies is on the transmission of fluid pressure, which is known as Pascal's law. The hectopascal, a pressure unit used in weather reports, was named after him.

IV. Jokes
a. A teacher says "OK, class. Today we're going to be talking about the tenses. If I say 'I'm beautiful,' what tense am I using?"
A boy raises his hand and says, "Obviously the past tense, Miss."

b. Sarah, the self-appointed arbiter of the town's morals, stuck her nose into everyone's business. She made a mistake, however, when she accused her neighbour George of being an alcoholic after spotting his pickup parked in front of a bar one afternoon.
"George, everyone who sees it there will know what you're doing," she told him in front of their church group.
He ignored her and walked away. Later that evening, George parked his pickup in front of Sarah's house and left it there all night.

c. Proudly showing off his new apartment to a friend late one night, the drunk led the way to his bedroom, where there was a big brass gong. "What's that big brass gong for?" asked the friend.
"It's not a gong. It's a talking clock," the drunk replied.
"A talking clock?" How does it work?"
"Watch," said the drunk. He then picked up a hammer, gave the gong an ear-shattering pound and stepped back. Someone on the other side of the wall screamed, "Hey, you jerk! It's three in the morning!"



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