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資料No. ： NS101103
I-1 TOEIC, TOEFL練習問題 (1) TOEIC １. Part V； Incomplete Sentence練習問題 She was _______ good typist that we hated to see her leave. (A) so (B) such (C) a very (D) such a 2. Part V； Incomplete Sentence練習問題 I hope you become leaders in society who will work _______ for your personal happiness but for the happiness of others. (A) not that (B) not only (C) just like (D) merely not 3. Part V； Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Even though _______ was very enthusiastic about the plan, it proved to be a great success. (A) both the bank and the company (B) either the bank and the company (C) neither the bank nor the company (D) not only the bank but the company 4. Part V； Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Some herbs can cause serious side effects, including severe liver damage, _______ taken in the wrong combinations or in the wrong amounts. (A) if (B) though (C) during (D) they are 5. Part V； Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Mr. Brown must have called it a day, _______ I saw him locking his office door. (A) until (B) despite (C) because (D) even although 6. Part V； Incomplete Sentence練習問題 _______ you work all night, you won't finish by the morning. (A) Even (B) Even if (C) Furthermore (D) Nevertheless 7. Part V； Incomplete Sentence練習問題 The man you just asked about is sitting near the window _______ the host and his wife. (A) among (B) besides (C) between (D) closely (2) TOEFL 1. 空所補充問題 Lighter-than-air dirigibles were used by commercial airlines in Germany until they were ----- obsolete by more modern aircraft. (A) taken (B) put (C) shifted (D) rendered 2. 空所補充問題 The rate at which a cricket chirps ----- a mathematical function of the air temperature measured in degrees. (A) are (B) does (C) is (D) has 3. 空所補充問題 ----- the right conditions, an acorn the size of the tip of your thumb can grow into a mighty oak 120 feet high. (A) Throughout (B) Given (C) For (D) Without 4. 空所補充問題 The Pyramids of Egypt are the oldest ----- the wonders of the ancient world noted in the Antipater of Sidon in the second century B.C. (A) to (B) of (C) in (D) on 5. 空所補充問題 ----- closely related to the wild hawk, the falcon is smaller and may be distinguished by different wingtip configurations. (A) Although (B) Since (C) Unlike (D) Despite 6. 正誤問題 A century (A)ago, light bulbs had to be manufactured (B)by hand, (C)that made them unreliable and (D)extremely expensive. 7. 正誤問題 (A)By some estimates, the average temperature (B)at the earth's surface will have increased several (C)degrees 20 years (D)up to now. 8. 正誤問題 (A)Electrical transformer consists (B)of two coils -- one connected to (C)the electrical source and one connected to the circuit - (D)wound around the sides of a core of thin iron sheets. 9. 正誤問題 (A)Censorship is the alteration, suppression or (B)prohibit of speech (C)or writing deemed (D)damaging to society. 10. 正誤問題 The salt in seawater increases (A)their density, (B)so that some objects (C)that sink in fresh water can (D)float in seawater. I-2 TOEIC, TOEFL 練習問題解答 (1) TOEIC １. Part V； Incomplete Sentence練習問題 She was _______ good typist that we hated to see her leave. (A) so (B) such (C) a very (D) such a 訳：彼女はとても優秀なタイピストだったので退職するのをただ黙って見送るのはいやだった。 ※正解(D)。【着眼点】thatと連関するのはsoかsuchだがsoやsuchとthatとの間に何がきてるかが問題。この場合はtypistという単数可算名詞を含むのでso good a typistかsuch a good typistの形がくることになる。なお、「see＋人＋〜（＝原形）」には「人が〜するのを黙って見ている［放っておく、黙認する］」の意がある。 2. Part V； Incomplete Sentence練習問題 I hope you become leaders in society who will work _______ for your personal happiness but for the happiness of others. (A) not that (B) not only (C) just like (D) merely not 訳：皆さんには、自分の個人的幸福のみならず、他者の幸福のためにも努めていくような、そういう社会のリーダーになってもらいたい。 ※正解(B)。【着眼点】butの後がfor ... という前置詞句になっており、空所の後にも同じ形がきていることから、対等の文法範ちゅうに属する2つの要素を相関的に結びつける組み合わせを考えてみる。but (also) とペアを組むのはnot only [just, merely, simply, etc.] である。 3. Part V； Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Even though _______ was very enthusiastic about the plan, it proved to be a great success. (A) both the bank and the company (B) either the bank and the company (C) neither the bank nor the company (D) not only the bank but the company 訳：銀行も会社もあまりその計画には乗り気でなかったが、結果は大満足のいくものとなった。 ※正解(Ｃ)。【着眼点】相関接続詞はまず形、次に文脈がチェックポイント。形の点では (B) が不可（ → either A or [×and] B）。(A) のboth A and Bと (D) のnot only A but Bは形は問題ないが意味が文脈に合致しない。「銀行も会社も両方とも大変乗り気だったにもかかわらず (even though)、その計画は大成功だった」は、例えば「銀行や会社が強い関心を示す計画は皆失敗する」といったような特別な前提が与えられていないと変。選択肢中には「銀行も会社もあまり乗り気でなかったが」(C) というのが用意されているのだから、一番ロジカルなものとしてこれを選ぶ。 4. Part V； Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Some herbs can cause serious side effects, including severe liver damage, _______ taken in the wrong combinations or in the wrong amounts. (A) if (B) though (C) during (D) they are 訳：薬草の中には調合の仕方や分量を間違えて飲むと、深刻な肝機能障害を含む重大な副作用を引き起こすものもある。 ※正解(A)。【着眼点】ifなどに導かれる副詞節中では「主語（＝主節の主語と同一）＋be動詞」が省かれる場合があることを思い出す。問題文の場合はif they （= some herbs） are taken ... のthey areが省かれたもの。 【選択肢】(C) は前置詞で問題外。(D) を選ぶとSome herbs ... damageとthey are ... amountsという2つの節を接続詞を介さずただコンマで結んだ形となってしまう。(B) のthoughはifと同様「主語＋be動詞」の省略を許すが、文脈に合致しないのでこちらは意味的基準から不可。 5. Part V； Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Mr. Brown must have called it a day, _______ I saw him locking his office door. (A) until (B) despite (C) because (D) even although 訳：ブラウンさんはきっと仕事を切り上げたんでしょう。事務所のドアにカギをかけているところを見ましたから。 ※正解(Ｃ)。【着眼点】「must＋have＋過去分詞 (called) 」は過去の事柄に関する現在の推量を表し「〜したに違いない」の意。call it a dayは「（その日の仕事などを）切り上げる」の意。「仕事を切り上げたに違いない」と推量することと「事務所のドアにカギをかけているところを見た」ということの関連性を考えると、後者は前者のように推量することの根拠・理由として述べられていることがわかる。 【選択肢】(B) は前置詞。(D) のevenはalthoughと結びつくこと自体ない。 6. Part V； Incomplete Sentence練習問題 _______ you work all night, you won't finish by the morning. (A) Even (B) Even if (C) Furthermore (D) Nevertheless 訳：たとえ徹夜でやっても、朝までに仕上がることはないだろう。 ※正解(B)。【着眼点】文頭にきて後続する2つの節を文法的・意味的に結合できるのは従位接続詞のifを含む (B) のみ。even if 〜 は「たとえ〜でも」の意。 【選択肢】evenだけが独立して従位接続詞機能を果たすことはない。furthermore（さらにその上に）やnevertheless（それにもかかわらず）は、「前に言われたこと」とのつながりを示すもので、後続する2つの節どうしをこれらによって結ぶことはできない。 7. Part V； Incomplete Sentence練習問題 The man you just asked about is sitting near the window _______ the host and his wife. (A) among (B) besides (C) between (D) closely 訳：あなたが今し方お尋ねになった方は、窓の近くでホスト夫妻にはさまれて座っているあの方です。 ※正解(Ｃ)。【着眼点】消去法でいくと、amongは3人以上に用いるから (A) は不可。besidesには位置関係の近さを表す用法はないから (B) も不可。closelyは副詞で問題外。ということで正解は (C) となる。英語では、このようにまずnear the windowと大まかなほうを言って、続くbetween the host and his wifeで絞り込む、という形が好まれる （cf. out in the garden）。 (2) TOEFL 1. 空所補充問題 Lighter-than-air dirigibles were used by commercial airlines in Germany until they were ----- obsolete by more modern aircraft. (A) taken (B) put (C) shifted (D) rendered ※正解(D)。【解説】 文の流れからして、were .... obsoleteは「時代遅れになった」という意味になるはずである。正解は(D)。be rendered ... 「 ... になる」。 2. 空所補充問題 The rate at which a cricket chirps ----- a mathematical function of the air temperature measured in degrees. (A) are (B) does (C) is (D) has ※正解(Ｃ)。【解説】 この文の主語はrateである。したがって、それに呼応して空所にはisが入ることになる。has、doesでは意味が成立しない。 3. 空所補充問題 ----- the right conditions, an acorn the size of the tip of your thumb can grow into a mighty oak 120 feet high. (A) Throughout (B) Given (C) For (D) Without ※正解(B)。【解説】 空所にGivenを入れれば「ちゃんとした条件（状態）が与えられならば」の意味を表すようになる。acorn「ドングリ」。 4. 空所補充問題 The Pyramids of Egypt are the oldest ----- the wonders of the ancient world noted in the Antipater of Sidon in the second century B.C. (A) to (B) of (C) in (D) on ※正解(B)。【解説】 toとonが使えないのはすぐに分かるだろう。the oldest of ... で「 ... のうち最も古いもの」という意味になる。 5. 空所補充問題 ----- closely related to the wild hawk, the falcon is smaller and may be distinguished by different wingtip configurations. (A) Although (B) Since (C) Unlike (D) Despite ※正解(A)。【解説】 前置詞unlike、despiteの後にclosely related（副詞と過去分詞）が続くはずがない。意味からしてAlthoughが正解となる。Althoughの後にthe falcon isを補って考える。これで「ハヤブサは野生の鷹にとても近いが」の意味になる。 6. 正誤問題 A century (A)ago, light bulbs had to be manufactured (B)by hand, (C)that made them unreliable and (D)extremely expensive. ※正解(Ｃ)。【解説】 that → which。前置詞agoとbyの用法に誤りはない。前にカンマがある場合には、関係代名詞はthatではなくwhichを用いる。extremely「極端に」は強調のための副詞。 7. 正誤問題 (A)By some estimates, the average temperature (B)at the earth's surface will have increased several (C)degrees 20 years (D)up to now. ※正解(D)。【解説】 up to → from。by some estimates「ある推定によると」の意味。前置詞at、複数形degreesに問題はない。up toをfromにしなければ未来完了形will have increased ... と対応しなくなる。 8. 正誤問題 (A)Electrical transformer consists (B)of two coils -- one connected to (C)the electrical source and one connected to the circuit - (D)wound around the sides of a core of thin iron sheets. ※正解(A)。【解説】 Electrical → An/The electrical。electrical transformer「変圧器」は可算名詞なので、その前には冠詞anあるいはtheが必要となる。 9. 正誤問題 (A)Censorship is the alteration, suppression or (B)prohibit of speech (C)or writing deemed (D)damaging to society. ※正解(B)。【解説】 prohibit → prohibition。alternation「交替」、suppression「抑圧」と名詞が並んでいる。しかし、orの後に動詞prohibit「禁止する」が来ている。ここでは名詞prohibitionを用いることになる。 10. 正誤問題 The salt in seawater increases (A)their density, (B)so that some objects (C)that sink in fresh water can (D)float in seawater. ※正解(A)。【解説】 their → its。theirが指す語はどれか？この文の主語saltである。したがって、theirはitsにしなくてはならない。 II.時事英文 Panama Canal (その6：全14回シリーズ) In January nineteen-oh-three, Colombia signed a treaty to permit the United States to build the Panama Canal. The treaty gave the United States a canal zone. This was a piece of land ten kilometers wide across Panama. The United States could use the canal zone for one hundred years. In exchange, it would pay Colombia ten million dollars, plus two hundred fifty thousand dollars a year. The United States Senate passed the treaty within two months. The Colombian Senate rejected it. The Colombian government demanded more money. MAURICE JOYCE: President Roosevelt was furious. He saw the issue in terms of world politics, not simply Colombia's sovereignty. He said: "I do not think Colombia should be permitted to bar permanently one of the future highways of civilization." III - a. 雑知識
III -b. 英語でどう言う？ 衣替えをする update one's wardrobe ※With autumn on the way, I'm planning to update my wardrobe this weekend. 日向ぼっこをする bask in the sun ※Under the clear autumn sky, my granddaughter and I basked in the sun on the riverbank. 墓参りに行く visit one's family grave ※My wife and I visited our family grave on the day of the fall equinox. 遠足に行く go on a school excursion ※We went on a school excursion to Kamakura last week. III-c. News Glossary multidrug-resistant bacterium 多剤耐性菌 The health ministry will conduct a nationwide study of infections following an outbreak at a hospital caused by a multidrug-resistant bacterium and the first confirmed infection in Japan of a superbug. 複数の抗生剤が効きにくい多剤耐性菌による院内感染と、新型の耐性菌の感染が国内で初めて確認されたのを受けて、厚生労働省は、感染の全国調査に乗り出す方針を決めた。 IV. Jokes a. As I was admitted to the hospital prior to a procedure, the clerk asked for my wrist, saying, "I'm going to give you a bracelet." "Has it got rubies and diamonds?" I asked coyly. "No,' he said. "But it costs just as much." b. My ill health had prevented me and my husband from going out together for some months. But I'd made a complete recovery and was delighted when, while finishing the washing up one evening, I heard my husband say, "Would you like to go out, girl?" "I'd love to," I replied immediately. We had a wonderful meal out and it wasn't until the end of the evening that my husband confessed, "Actually, I was talking to the dog." c. Out working in the front garden while my wife Suzanne was away for the weekend, I noticed one of our pair of rhododendrons was smaller than the other. Recalling that we'd decided to replace the one that wasn't thriving, I uprooted the smaller tree, drove out to the nursery, purchased another and then established the slightly smaller but vigorous-looking replacement in the front garden. When appreciative of my gardening efforts, Suzanne was a little reserved when told I'd gone ahead and replaced the ailing plant. "Darling," she finally said, "that was last year." d. I was walking around Suntec City's Fountain of Wealth in Singapore after lunch one day when I overheard a lady tourist telling her friend, "Don't bother going in there. I've been here twice and I'm still poor." e. After years of battling the bulge, my sister finally lost weight. In fact, she lost so many kilograms that her suits began to sag, leading one co-worker to suggest she alter her clothes to fit her new figure. "Not yet," my sister said. "Let me enjoy the sag a little while first." f. Our elderly neighbor had had enough of kids jumping over her fence and damaging her garden, so she informed the community police officer. "Did you recognize any of them?" he asked. "I'm pretty certain one of them is called Nicky," she replied. "How can you be so sure?" "It was embroidered on his top," my neighbor replied. The young officer thought for a while then asked her to spell it. "N ,, I, K, E," she replied confidently. |