資料No. : NS090429
I-1 TOEIC, TOEFL練習問題 (1) TOEIC 1. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 The new phone system will allow us to contact our branches _______. (A) directional (B) directive (C) director (D) directly 2. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 I don't think they're working _______ to finish on schedule. (A) enough fast (B) fast enough (C) quite enough fast (D) very fast enough 3. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 All new employees are required to attend _______ training course. (A) three-months (B) three-month's (C) a three-month (D) a three-months 4. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 The police thought that arson was the most _______ cause of the fire. (A) alike (B) likely (C) unlike (D) likelihood 5. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Last Wednesday, six of our cars were returned in an _______ condition. (A) absolutely wretchedlily (B) absolutely wretchedly (C) absolute wretchedly (D) absolutely wretched 6. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Recently _______ paid me a visit. (A) one of distant relatives (B) that my distant relative (C) the distant relative of mine (D) a distant relative of mine 7. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 The cerebrum has two hemispheres, which are mirror images _______. (A) each other (B) one another (C) of each other (D) to one another 8. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 If I know your available dates, I ----- able to reschedule the meeting. (A) will be (B) could have been (C) would be (D) would have been 9. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 The marketing strategy failed ----- poor planning. (A) owing of (B) was because (C) because of (D) for the 10. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 The availability of highly skilled workers ----- finally convinced the company to move there. (A) were that (B) was what (C) were which (D) was who 11. Part VI; Error Recognition練習問題 My brother, (A)that is an (B)electrical engineer, was grasnted a patent for the (C)device (D)which he invented in his workshop. 12. Part VI; Error Recognition練習問題 Mr. Uchida (A)is forced (B)to retire (C)from the company (D)at the age of sixty last year. 13. Part VI; Error Recognition練習問題 The (A)blue-collar workers (B)showed their (C)loyalty to the company by working (D)there best at all times. (2) TOEFL 1. 空所補充問題 Much of the ice or liquid water released from a storm cloud evaporates before ----- the ground. (A) reaches (B) reaching (C) to reach (D) reach 2. 空所補充問題 Biologists still do not know how spiders ----- produce silk that is so strong and flexible. (A) be able to (B) able to (C) to be able to (D) are able to 3. 空所補充問題 The streets of the ancient city of Alexandria were laid out ----- to take advantage of the cool Mediterranean breezes. (A) such as (B) so as (C) inasmuch as (D) as 4. 空所補充問題 Every member of the committee ----- the chairman was in favor of installing parking meters in the campus parking lot. (A) without (B) that (C) not (D) but 5. 空所補充問題 Ball bearings are crucial to the functioning of many of the mechanical devices we rely ----- every day. (A) for (B) of (C) on (D) to 6. 正誤問題 The second-coldest liquid on (A)earth is liquid hydrogen, (B)which can be (C)stable contained at -253 (D)degrees Centigrade. 7. 正誤問題 The core of the sun, (A)where nuclear reactions take place (B)under intense pressure, is (C)very hotter than (D)its surface. 8. 正誤問題 Prince Edward Island, (A)it is located in (B)the gulf of the St. Lawrence River, (C)is (D)Canada's smallest province. 9. 正誤問題 Useful machines (A)enough small to be injected (B)into the bloodstream will (C)be available in (D)the near future. 10. 正誤問題 Energy (A)that cannot be destroyed, but (B)can be changed into a different form (C)or transferred (D)to a different location. I-2 TOEIC, TOEFL練習問題解答 (1) TOEIC 1. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 The new phone system will allow us to contact our branches _______. (A) directional (B) directive (C) director (D) directly 訳:その新しい電話システムは支店と直に連絡をとることを可能にしてくれるだろう。 ※正解(D)。【着眼点】動詞のcontact(〜に連絡する)を修飾する副詞を選ぶ問題。接尾辞から容易に判断できる。 【選択肢】(A), (B) は形容詞語尾をもっている。(C) は副詞のdirectを比較級にしたつもりかもしれないが、副詞の場合この形はない(※最上級のdirectestは時に使われることもある)。なお、形容詞の場合はmore型と -er型両方の比較変化がある。 2. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 I don't think they're working _______ to finish on schedule. (A) enough fast (B) fast enough (C) quite enough fast (D) very fast enough 訳:あの人たちの仕事のはかどり具合では予定どおり終了しそうにない。 ※正解(B)。【着眼点】副詞 (fast) を修飾するenoughの位置に関する問題。enoughはfastの後にこなければならない。 【選択肢】(A) と (C) は語順が不可。(D) は語順の点では問題ないが、fastの前にさらにveryがついている点がよくない( → ×very fast [carefully, etc.] enoughのような言い方はしない)。なお、enough自体をextremely, so [too] much, very (much) などの程度副詞で修飾するのも不可なので注意(×extremely [so (much), too (much), very (much) ] enough)。quiteについてはquite fast enoughのように言うことはできる。 【文構造】enoughはよくto不定詞を従えて「to以下ができるくらい十分」の意で用いられる。 3. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 All new employees are required to attend _______ training course. (A) three-months (B) three-month's (C) a three-month (D) a three-months 訳:新入社員は皆3か月間の職員研修に参加しなければならない。 ※正解(C)。【着眼点】「数詞 (three) +ハイフン+名詞 (month) 」が後続の名詞を修飾する構造。この場合ハイフンの後の名詞は単数形。 【選択肢】ハイフンの後でmonthsと複数形になっている (A), (D) は不可。(B) のような言い方はしない( → ただし、a four years' courseのような言い方はある)。なお、「講習、研修」の意のcourseは可算なのでaは必要。 4. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 The police thought that arson was the most _______ cause of the fire. (A) alike (B) likely (C) unlike (D) likelihood 訳:警察はその火事の原因は放火である可能性が最も高いと考えた。 ※正解(B)。【着眼点】名詞(cause(原因))を修飾し、かつmostを付加して最上級をつくる形容詞を選ぶとするとlikely(ありそうな、可能性のある)が文脈上最適( → これも-ly語尾形容詞の1つ)。 【選択肢】alike(似ている)は叙述用法では用いるが名詞を限定修飾する用法はない。unlikeはalikeの反意語で、こちらは限定用法もあるが文脈に合わない。(D) は名詞。 5. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Last Wednesday, six of our cars were returned in an _______ condition. (A) absolutely wretchedlily (B) absolutely wretchedly (C) absolute wretchedly (D) absolutely wretched 訳:この前の水曜、うちの会社で貸し出した車の6台が目もあてられないひどい状態で戻ってきた。(※レンタカー会社 (car rental company) の話であろう) ※正解(D)。【着眼点】「冠詞 (an) _____ 名詞 (condition) 」とあって_____に2語入るとすると、「形+形」か「副+形」の組み合わせが考えられる。したがって、(D) の「absolutely(完全に、すっかり[全く])+wretched(ひどい、目もあてられない)」という「副+形」のペアが正解。 【選択肢】wretchedの副詞がwretchedlyであり (A) のwretchedlilyは存在しない。(B) のように前の副詞が後の副詞を修飾すること自体は可能だが、後に名詞がひかえているので形容詞がないとおかしい( → 副詞は名詞を修飾しない)。 6. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Recently _______ paid me a visit. (A) one of distant relatives (B) that my distant relative (C) the distant relative of mine (D) a distant relative of mine 訳:ついこのあいだ、遠い親戚にあたる人が訪ねてきた。 ※正解(D)。【着眼点】後置所有格の問題。 【選択肢】one ofの後はone of my relativesなどのように定名詞句がくる。 7. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 The cerebrum has two hemispheres, which are mirror images _______. (A) each other (B) one another (C) of each other (D) to one another 訳:大脳には右脳と左脳があり、それらは互いに鏡像を成している。 ※正解(C)。【着眼点】cerebrum(大脳)は中央に深い縦の溝があって2つに分かれているが、その脳の半球 (hemispheres) どうしが互いに鏡に映した場合のような左右対称の像 (mirror images) を成している、ということを述べた文。each otherとone anotherは「互い」を意味する「相互#代名詞#」であり、「#互いに#」のような副詞句ではない。また、これらは動詞や前置詞の目的語となるのがふつうで、主語としては用いられない。 【選択肢】前置詞を介さない (A), (B) は不可。「〜を鏡に映したような (image) 」はof 〜であり、to 〜とは言わない。 8. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 If I know your available dates, I ----- able to reschedule the meeting. (A) will be (B) could have been (C) would be (D) would have been 訳:もしあなたの都合の良い日が分かれば、会合の予定を立て直すことができます。 ※正解(A)。解説 If 節の動詞が現在形であることから、「単なる条件」を表す直説法の文であると分かる。よって、正解は (A) の will be となる。 9. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 The marketing strategy failed ----- poor planning. (A) owing of (B) was because (C) because of (D) for the 訳:販売戦略はお粗末な計画のために失敗した。 ※正解(C)。解説 前後の文脈から判断して、原因を表す because of 〜(〜が原因で)の (C) を選ぶ。 (A) の owing of は owing to 〜(〜のせいで)の誤りであることにも注意しておこう。 10. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 The availability of highly skilled workers ----- finally convinced the company to move there. (A) were that (B) was what (C) were which (D) was who 訳:高度の熟練者たちを雇うことができるため、会社は最終的にそこへ移転することになった。 ※正解(B)。解説 The availability of. . . (……ができること)を主語とする無生物主語の文。また、選択肢のうちで先行詞を含む関係代名詞は what のみであることから、 (B) の was what が正解だと分かる。主語の直前に人を表す複数形の highly skilled workers (高度の熟練者たち)が来ているからといって、 were や who の入った選択肢を選ばないように注意する。 11. Part VI; Error Recognition練習問題 My brother, (A)that is an (B)electrical engineer, was grasnted a patent for the (C)device (D)which he invented in his workshop. 訳:兄は電気技師で、製作場で発明した装置の特許を認められた。 ※正解(A)。that → who。grant「(人に〜を)授ける、授与する」patent「特許(権)」[ヒント]関係代名詞の非制限的用法にはthatは使えない。文脈(先行詞)によりwhoまたはwhichを用いる。 12. Part VI; Error Recognition練習問題 Mr. Uchida (A)is forced (B)to retire (C)from the company (D)at the age of sixty last year. 訳:内田さんは去年、60歳で退職させられた。 ※正解(A)。is → was。[ヒント]過去時制でwas forcedが正しい。 13. Part VI; Error Recognition練習問題 The (A)blue-collar workers (B)showed their (C)loyalty to the company by working (D)there best at all times. 訳:労働者たちは、会社への忠誠をいつも最善を尽くすことで示した。 ※正解(D)。there → their。(A) blue-collar「肉体労働(者)の、作業服の」(C) loyalty「忠実、忠誠」(D)同音異義語。there vs. their (2) TOEFL 1. 空所補充問題 Much of the ice or liquid water released from a storm cloud evaporates before ----- the ground. (A) reaches (B) reaching (C) to reach (D) reach ※正解(B)。【解説】 前置詞の後に動詞を続けることはできないので、ここはreaching(動名詞)にする。evaporate「蒸発する」。 2. 空所補充問題 Biologists still do not know how spiders ----- produce silk that is so strong and flexible. (A) be able to (B) able to (C) to be able to (D) are able to ※正解(D)。【解説】 あまり難しく考えることはない。how文の主語spidersの後にare able toを使えば、動詞produceと繋がるようになる。 3. 空所補充問題 The streets of the ancient city of Alexandria were laid out ----- to take advantage of the cool Mediterranean breezes. (A) such as (B) so as (C) inasmuch as (D) as ※正解(B)。【解説】 前後の流れから判断してto以下は目的を表すはずである。so as to... にすれば「……するために」という意味になる。 4. 空所補充問題 Every member of the committee ----- the chairman was in favor of installing parking meters in the campus parking lot. (A) without (B) that (C) not (D) but ※正解(D)。【解説】 前置詞butには「……を除いて」の意味がある。これを空所に入れれば意味が通るようになる。 5. 空所補充問題 Ball bearings are crucial to the functioning of many of the mechanical devices we rely ----- every day. (A) for (B) of (C) on (D) to ※正解(C)。【解説】 基本的な問題である。「……に頼る」の意味を表すには動詞relyの後に前置詞onを付ければいい。 6. 正誤問題 The second-coldest liquid on (A)earth is liquid hydrogen, (B)which can be (C)stable contained at -253 (D)degrees Centigrade. ※正解(C)。【解説】 stable → stably。on earth、関係代名詞whichに誤りはない。stableは過去分詞containedにかかっているので、stablyと副詞形にしなければならない。複数形degreesに問題はない。 7. 正誤問題 The core of the sun, (A)where nuclear reactions take place (B)under intense pressure, is (C)very hotter than (D)its surface. ※正解(C)。【解説】 very hotter → much hotter。比較級hotterを強調するには、veryではなくmuchを用いなくてはならない。 8. 正誤問題 Prince Edward Island, (A)it is located in (B)the gulf of the St. Lawrence River, (C)is (D)Canada's smallest province. ※正解(A)。【解説】 it is located → located / which is located。it is locatedのままではこの文に2つ主語があることになる。it is locatedをlocated、あるいは、which is locatedにすれば問題が解決する。 9. 正誤問題 Useful machines (A)enough small to be injected (B)into the bloodstream will (C)be available in (D)the near future. ※正解(A)。【解説】 enough small → small enough。enough smallの語順がおかしい。small enough to... で「……するのに十分小さい」の意味になる。 10. 正誤問題 Energy (A)that cannot be destroyed, but (B)can be changed into a different form (C)or transferred (D)to a different location. ※正解(A)。【解説】 that cannot → cannot。that cannotの接続詞のthatはどう見ても余分である。can be、or、toの用法に問題はない。 II.時事英文 Sports Doping (その10:全11回シリーズ) Another substance that can be used to increase performance is human growth hormone. This hormone is produced naturally by the pituitary gland in the brain. Athletes may take injections of human growth hormone, although that can be found with blood tests. Experts say such use of the hormone can cause diabetes, muscle and bone pain, high blood pressure and other disorders. Sports dopers continually look for new substances and technologies. The World Anti-Doping Agency has already banned gene doping, although it says it does not believe anyone is doing it yet. Officials say they want to be ready with a test to find genetic changes. For example, imagine an athlete whose body contains genetic material from an animal. In theory, such a person could become a great athlete overnight. III - a. 雑知識
III-b. 英語のことわざ ◆You win some, you lose some◆ According to this proverb, the world is not perfect and that nothing we do turns out perfectly. Whatever you do, however successful that may be, it will always be balanced by something that will go wrong or will be lost. This proverb is usually used to cheer people up when they have done well, but not as well as they thought they would. III -c. 英語でどう言う? 右腕を骨折する break one's right arm 【例文】My grandfather fell down the stairs and broke his right arm. 足首をねんざする sprain one's ankle 【例文】I sprained my left ancle while uce-skating last Sunday. ぎっくり腰になる get a strained back 【例文】I got a strained back when I lifted a heavy safe. むち打ち症になる get a whiplash injury 【例文】My father got a whiplash injury when his car was struck from behind. III-d 今週のイディオム tighten one's belt 節約する、経費を切り詰める (live in a more thrifty manner; reduce spending) ベルトをきつくして、空腹を我慢することから生まれた慣用表現です。経済的な困窮に耐えるために生活費を切り詰めたり、窮乏生活をするという場合に使われます。また、belt-tightening ([予算などが]緊縮の、支出削減の)という形で用いられることもあります。 In these hard economic times, everyone has to tighten their belts. (こんなに景気が悪い状況では、誰もが節約をしなければならない) If we don't tighten our belts, we'll never make it through this recession. (経費を切り詰めないと、この不況を乗り越えることは絶対に無理だ) Japan's exporting companies were forced to tighten their belts because of the rapid weakening of the dollar. (日本の輸出企業は急激なドル安のために経費の削減をしいられた) The parliament approved what is called a belt-tightening budget. (議会はいわゆる緊縮予算を承認した) IV. Jokes a. The gunslinger swaggered into the saloon. He looked to his left. "Everybody on that side of the room is a lily-livered, yellow-bellied coward," he shouted. He looked to his right. "everybody on this side is a flabby, dimwitted saddle tramp." No-one dared challenge him. Satisfied, he was ordering a drink when he heard the sound of hurried footsteps. "Where do you think you're going?" he yelled at the little guy who'd stopped in his tracks. "Sorry," the man said. "I was on the wrong side of the room." b. Our daughter Mariann finally gave in to the pleas of her 12-year-old son, Cameron, and ten-year-old daughter, Courtney, to buy a puppy. Mariann immediately signed up for obedience training and told the children they would be in ones taking the puppy to class. "What's an obedience school?" Cameron asked. When Mariann finished explaining what it was, he asked, "Is it for us kids or for the dog?" c. Our truck began acting up one day as we were driving. My husband and I discussed the problem. "It could be the fuel filter," he said. "Yes," I agreed, "or the air filter." "Or," our three-year-old suggested, "it could be the coffee filter." d. When my six-year-old son, Michael, refused to go to bed because he was afraid of monsters, I devised a plan. I filled a spray bottle with water and attached a "CREATURE REPELLENT" label, complete with instructions. This worked for a while until Michael refused to go to bed once more. Frustrated, I told him that the monsters were just imaginary. "Oh, yeah?" he responded. "So how come they sell creature repellent?" |