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資料No. ： NS090408
I-1 TOEIC, TOEFL練習問題 (1) TOEIC 1. Part V； Incomplete Sentence練習問題 We were taught at school that the Pilgrim Fathers _______ on Plymouth Rock in Massachusetts. (A) landed (B) have landed (C) had landed (D) had been landed 2. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 It was quite likely that the President _______ in to the intense lobbying from pressure groups. (A) has given (B) had given (C) should give (D) should be giving 3. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 He must have fooled my secretary into thinking that he _______ my brother-in-law. (A) be (B) is (C) was (D) been 4. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 _______ he desired to lead a peaceful and tranquil life, he could certainly have done so. (A) If (B) Were (C) Has (D) Had 5. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 We lost the game, but we _______ won if one of our players hadn't been hurt. (A) might well have (B) might have been (C) might well (D) may have 6. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 We intend to submit _______ that special legislation be passed allocating disaster relief funds to the people in the disaster area. (A) an advise (B) an upshot (C) a request (D) a reason 7. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 He _______ the boxing match, but I don't know because I wasn't there. (A) may well win (B) may not have win (C) may well have won (D) may not well have won 8. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 The only solution to the trade friction problem is ----- among all the parties concerned. (A) conclusion (B) compromise (C) comparison (D) complement 9. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 We don't have time now. Let's --- about the matter later. (A) say (B) discuss (C) tell (D) talk 10. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Nigel took out --- on his life when he was at the age of twenty five. (A) insurance (B) insure (C) assumption (D) assurance 11. Part VI; Error Recognition練習問題 The (A)mock entrance exam (B)will to be held (C)in the high school auditorium (D)on the morning of November 25. 12. Part VI; Error Recognition練習問題 When I (A)ordered the books (B)from America, (C)it arrived at my house (D)after only five days. 13. Part VI; Error Recognition練習問題 (A)Everyone (B)working at this company (C)is required to weaqr the company uniform (D)at all time. (2) TOEFL 1. 空所補充問題 Aluminum and magnesium are light, durable elemental metals, which ----- them ideal as structural materials. (A) has (B) lets (C) makes (D) allows 2. 空所補充問題 While we generally conceive of the sun rising due east and setting due west, this is only precisely true on two days of the year ----- one stands on the equator. (A) without (B) unless (C) if not (D) outside of 3. 空所補充問題 Artists ----- work is varied often find that people who love certain of their works are repulsed by others. (A) whose (B) their (C) they (D) who 4. 空所補充問題 During an average year, about 100,000 thunderstorms occur ----- the United States, generating about 1,000 tornadoes. (A) in (B) for (C) at (D) on 5. 空所補充問題 The earliest ----- are thought to have interacted with Neanderthals through trade, war and possibly interbreeding. (A) when humans (B) humans who (C) as humans (D) humans 6. 正誤問題 It is not the combustion of vinyl (A)that creates dioxin pollution, but (B)rather the release into the air of (C)their incompletely combusted chemical (D)components. 7. 正誤問題 The fact (A)that Paleolithic humans buried their dead (B)with tools, hunting weapons and provisions (C)suggest a belief (D)in some sort of afterlife. 8. 正誤問題 Commando forces (A)differ from regular military forces (B)that (C)they are specially trained to conduct (D)raids inside enemy territory. 9. 正誤問題 (A)In audio broadcasting, frequency modulation (B)has the advantage of (C)largely (D)eliminate the static that characterizes amplitude modulation. 10. 正誤問題 (A)Allow social interaction (B)through a wide variety of calls, vocalization is (C)crucial to many bird (D)species' survival. I-2 TOEIC, TOEFL練習問題解答 (1) TOEIC 1. Part V； Incomplete Sentence練習問題 We were taught at school that the Pilgrim Fathers _______ on Plymouth Rock in Massachusetts. (A) landed (B) have landed (C) had landed (D) had been landed 訳：私たちは学校でピルグリムファーザーズが上陸したのはマサチューセッツ州にあるプリマスの岩だと教わった。 ※正解（A）。【着眼点】that 節の内容が歴史上の事実（と見なされている事柄）に言及している点に注意。このような場合は主節の時制とは無関係に話し手の立場から過去の事柄として直接その内容を把握することになる。したがって、正解は (A)の landed となる。 2. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 It was quite likely that the President _______ in to the intense lobbying from pressure groups. (A) has given (B) had given (C) should give (D) should be giving 訳：大統領が圧力団体からの強い働きかけに屈したというのは十分考えられることだった。 ※正解（B）。【着眼点】主節が It was quite likely と過去時制をとっているので、that 節にも過去系列の動詞 (had given)を配置する。 【選択肢】likely に続く節の中では、話し手の主観的な強い感情を表す should は使えない（×It is likely that Samson should have married Delian in the first place）。 3. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 He must have fooled my secretary into thinking that he _______ my brother-in-law. (A) be (B) is (C) was (D) been 訳：彼は私の秘書をだまして彼と私が義理の兄弟だと思い込ませたに違いない。 ※正解（C）。【文構造】「fool ＋人 (my secretary)＋〜ing」は「人をだまして〜させる」の意。 【着眼点】「法助動詞＋完了形」(must have fooled) は意味的には過去時に言及するものであり、過去時制と同等であると見なすことができる。問題文は「法助動詞＋完了形」の後に直接 that 節が現れているわけではないが、「秘書がだまされて that 以下のこと（＝事実ではないこと）を思い込まされたに違いない」という流れだから、that 節には過去時制の動詞をもってくるのがふさわしい。 4. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 _______ he desired to lead a peaceful and tranquil life, he could certainly have done so. (A) If (B) Were (C) Has (D) Had 訳：彼が安穏に生きていこうと思えばきっとそれも可能だったろう。 ※正解（D）。【着眼点】「望んでいたらできただろう (could have done)」という過去に言及する文脈なので仮定法過去完了の形（＝had ＋過去分詞）を採用。 [＊Had he（＝If he had）desired ... は if の省略に伴う倒置] 5. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 We lost the game, but we _______ won if one of our players hadn't been hurt. (A) might well have (B) might have been (C) might well (D) may have 訳：結果は負け試合だったが、負傷者がなければうちが勝っていただろう。 ※正解（A）。【着眼点】「試合に負けた」という過去の事実の後、but... と続き最後に「選手の1人が負傷していなかったら」という仮定法過去完了がきている。この流れから but 以下の主節には「勝っていただろうに」(might have won) がくるとわかる。 【選択肢】「人に勝つ」は「beat＋人」とは言うが「win＋人」とは言わないから、 (B)のように「人（＝we）」を主語に立てた受け身の形も当然不可（→ 仮に言えたとしても文脈上不可）。(D)は、現実に起こらなかったことを取り上げて「…だったろうに」と言う場合には用いない。 【注意】well は法助動詞の意味を強める副詞。 6. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 We intend to submit _______ that special legislation be passed allocating disaster relief funds to the people in the disaster area. (A) an advise (B) an upshot (C) a request (D) a reason 訳：我々は被災地の人々への災害救援基金を設定する特別立法可決要求を提出するつもりである。 ※正解（C）。【文構造】submit ___ that ... は「that 以下という旨の___ を提出する」の意で、___ にくる名詞と that 以下は同格の関係。allocating は legislation（立法）にかかる現在分詞の形容詞用法。 【着眼点】that 節内の V (be passed)が原形（＝仮定法現在）である点に注目。 【選択肢】(A)は advise が動詞だから問題外。(B)の upshot（結果[論]）は同格の that 節を従える用法それ自体を欠く。（cf. The upshot is that ... の構文は可）(D)の reason は仮定法現在をとる用法はない。 7. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 He _______ the boxing match, but I don't know because I wasn't there. (A) may well win (B) may not have win (C) may well have won (D) may not well have won 訳：たぶん彼はボクシングの試合に勝ったと思うのですが、私は試合を見に行っていないのでわかりません。 ※正解（C）。 【着眼点】can [could] やmay [might] の直後に置かれた副詞のwellは本動詞よりも法助動詞と強く結びつき、法助動詞の意味を強める働きをする（ → 例えばmay well 〜（たぶん〜だろう）はmay単独よりも確信度が高くなる）。 【選択肢】終了した試合の結果を推測する文脈なので (A) は不自然。(B) は ... have winという形を見ただけで候補外。(D) のようにmay well 〜を否定文で用いるのも通例不可。 【注意】may well 〜には他に｢〜するのももっともだ｣の意もある。また控え目な言い方ではmayがmightとなる。慣用句ではこの他にmay [might] (just) as well 〜（＝（是非というわけではないが）〜してもよい）に 注意。 8. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 The only solution to the trade friction problem is ----- among all the parties concerned. (A) conclusion (B) compromise (C) comparison (D) complement 訳：貿易摩擦問題を解決するためには、すべての利害関係者が妥協する以外に方法はない。 ※正解（B）。解説 the parties concerned で「利害関係者」という意味。 (A)conclusion （結論） (B)compromise （妥協）、 (C)comparison （比較）、 (D)complement （補完物）のうち、空所に入れて文意に合うのは (B) 。 9. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 We don't have time now. Let's --- about the matter later. (A) say (B) discuss (C) tell (D) talk 訳：今は時間がないから、そのことは後で話そう。 ※正解（D）。talk about (on)「〜について話す」(B) discussは他動詞なので前置詞はつかず、直接目的語をとる。 10. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Nigel took out --- on his life when he was at the age of twenty five. (A) insurance (B) insure (C) assumption (D) assurance 訳：ナイジェルは25歳のとき、生命保険に入った。 ※正解（A）。(A) insurance「保険、保険契約」take out insurance「保険に加入する」(C) assumption「仮定」「引き受け、でしゃばり」(D) assurance「保障、確約」 11. Part VI; Error Recognition練習問題 The (A)mock entrance exam (B)will to be held (C)in the high school auditorium (D)on the morning of November 25. 訳：11月25日の午前中、高校の講堂で模擬入学試験が行われます。 ※正解（B）。will to be held → will be held。(A) mock「偽の、まねごとの」[ex.] a mock examination「模擬試験」(B)「will +動詞原形」または「be + to +動詞原形」で予定を表す。auditorium「講堂」 12. Part VI; Error Recognition練習問題 When I (A)ordered the books (B)from America, (C)it arrived at my house (D)after only five days. 訳：アメリカに本を注文したら、わずか5日で届いた。 ※正解（C）。it → they。(C)名詞の呼称。the books→they 13. Part VI; Error Recognition練習問題 (A)Everyone (B)working at this company (C)is required to weaqr the company uniform (D)at all time. 訳：この社で働く者は、常にユニホームを着用してもらいたい。 ※正解（D）。at all time → at all times。(D) at all times「いつも、常に」 (2) TOEFL 1. 空所補充問題 Aluminum and magnesium are light, durable elemental metals, which ----- them ideal as structural materials. (A) has (B) lets (C) makes (D) allows ※正解（C）。【解説】 make「 ... にする」を使えば、「構造材料としては理想的である」の意味になる。 2. 空所補充問題 While we generally conceive of the sun rising due east and setting due west, this is only precisely true on two days of the year ----- one stands on the equator. (A) without (B) unless (C) if not (D) outside of ※正解（B）。【解説】 空所の後に文が来ていることから、withoutとoutside ofは除外できる。if notを使うなら、if one doesn't stand ... となるはずである。したがって、if notの意味を表すunlessが正解となる。 3. 空所補充問題 Artists ----- work is varied often find that people who love certain of their works are repulsed by others. (A) whose (B) their (C) they (D) who ※正解（A）。【解説】 findがこの文の主語である。空所にtheir、theyを入れては文が成立しないい。空所の後に名詞workがあるので、whoseが正解となる。 4. 空所補充問題 During an average year, about 100,000 thunderstorms occur ----- the United States, generating about 1,000 tornadoes. (A) in (B) for (C) at (D) on ※正解（A）。【解説】 難しく考えることはない。雷を伴う嵐がどこで発生する(occur)かを言っているので、inを使えばいい。 5. 空所補充問題 The earliest ----- are thought to have interacted with Neanderthals through trade, war and possibly interbreeding. (A) when humans (B) humans who (C) as humans (D) humans ※正解（D）。【解説】 形容詞earliestの後には名詞が来るはずである。humans whoでは、この文全体の動詞が無いことになる。したがって、正解は(D) humansである。 6. 正誤問題 It is not the combustion of vinyl (A)that creates dioxin pollution, but (B)rather the release into the air of (C)their incompletely combusted chemical (D)components. ※正解（C）。【解説】 their → its。It... thatとratherの用法に問題はない。theirはvinylのことを指しているのでitsにしなくてはいけない。component「成分」は可算名詞。 7. 正誤問題 The fact (A)that Paleolithic humans buried their dead (B)with tools, hunting weapons and provisions (C)suggest a belief (D)in some sort of afterlife. ※正解（C）。【解説】 suggest → suggests。接続詞that、前置詞with、inに問題はない。動詞suggestはこの文の主語The factに呼応してsuggestsとしなければならない。 8. 正誤問題 Commando forces (A)differ from regular military forces (B)that (C)they are specially trained to conduct (D)raids inside enemy territory. ※正解(B)。【解説】 that → in that。differ from... は「……とは違う」の意味。thatのままでは前後の文が繋がらない。in that... 「……という点で」にすれば意味が通るようになる。theyはcommando forcesのこと。raids「奇襲（可算名詞）」。 9. 正誤問題 (A)In audio broadcasting, frequency modulation (B)has the advantage of (C)largely (D)eliminate the static that characterizes amplitude modulation. ※正解(D)。【解説】 eliminate → eliminating。前置詞in、動詞has、副詞largelyに誤りはない。前置詞ofの後に動詞を続ける場合には、eliminatingと動名詞にしなくてはならない。 10. 正誤問題 (A)Allow social interaction (B)through a wide variety of calls, vocalization is (C)crucial to many bird (D)species' survival. ※正解(A)。【解説】 Allow → Allowing。Allowのままではこの文の動詞が２つになってしまう。Allowing (Since/Because it allowsの意味)と分詞構文にすれば、文が成立するようになる。前置詞throughに問題はない。be crucial to... 「……に極めて重要である」。speciesの所有格にはsを重ねずにアポストロフィー(')だけをつける。 II.時事英文 Sports Doping (その7：全11回シリーズ) Ten years ago, the International Olympic Committee held a conference that led to creation of the World Anti-Doping Agency. This all followed events at the Tour de France. In the summer of nineteen ninety-eight, police carried out a raid and found banned medical substances. After that, the International Olympic Committee led efforts to create an independent agency to set and enforce common anti-doping rules. The agency has representatives from the Olympic movement and public officials from around the world. WADA, as the agency is known, has its headquarters in Montreal, Canada. III - a. 雑知識
III-b. 英語のことわざ ◆You can't take it with you when you die◆ This proverb is used to mean that material things, such as money or possessions, are not valuable. There is no point spending your life getting these things or worrying about them, because once you die, you can't take them with you to the next life III -c. 英語でどう言う？ トレーニングウエアに着替える change into a sweat suit 【例文】He changed from his pajamas into a sweat suit. 屈伸運動をする do bending and stretching exercises 【例文】Don't forget to do bending and stretching exercises before you go skiing. 額の汗をぬぐう wipe the sweat off one's forehead 【例文】While running, she wiped the sweat off her forehead with a towel. 公園へジョギングをしに行く go jogging in the park 【例文】My father goes jogging in the park every morning. III-d 今週のイディオム have one's head in the clouds 空想にふけっている、考えが現実的でない (be in a dreamlike state of mind; be lost in unrealistic thoughts) 「雲の中に頭を突っ込んでいる」が文字通りの意味で、現実を見ないで「夢想にふけっている」、「地に足がついていない」、「うわの空でいる」という文脈で用いられます。また、何も考えないで「ぼんやりしている」という場合にも使える表現です。 These days, she has her head in the clouds constantly, thinking about her wedding. (最近、彼女は自分の結婚式のことばかり考えて、地に足がついていない) Henry would never make a good accontant. He always has his head in the clouds. (ヘンリーは優秀な会計士にはなれないよ。考えることがいつも現実離れしているからね) Why are you sitting there with your head in the clouds? (何でそこにぼんやり座っているんだい？) IV. Jokes a. My husband was putting the kids to bed after an evening alone with them. With our boundary-testing 16-month-old toddler safely in bed, Ryan turned to our five-year-old, Kyle, to thank him for being so good that evening. "Thanks, Dad," Kyle said. "I tried really hard. I'm not normally this good for mum. But that's OK, she knows how to deal with me better than you do." b. While shopping with my four-year-old son, he asked, "Mummy, can we get some fish? Not the kind that swims - the square kind that comes with chips." c. Brittney, my three-year-old granddaughter, had learned to use the speed dial to call me. I answered the phone one day to the sounds of a child crying uncontrollably. Realizing it was Brittney, I said, "Brittney, stop crying and tell me what's wrong." "Grandma," she sobbed, "it's my dad." I had immediate visions of a seriously injured father and sternly instructed her to tell me if her dad was hurt. "Grandma," came the mournful reply, "it's my dad! He's making me eat my noodles!" d. It took a lot of convincing, but Mai Xuan Can of Vietnam finally changed his son's name. According to the Associated Press, the boy's new name, Mai Hoang Long, or Golden Dragon, is quite different from his old name - Mai Phat Sau Nghin Ruoi, or Fined Six Thousand and Five Hundred, the amount the father owed for ignoring the government's two-child policy. |