資料No. : NS081217
I-1 TOEIC, TOEFL練習問題 (1) TOEIC 1. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Many AIDS experts voiced skepticism _______ the vaccine would actually prevent HIV infection in very many people. (A) about whether (B) on which (C) only because (D) in case 2. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 _______ of cultural differences, what is your take on those computer software commercials that came in from the U.S.? (A) Spoken (B) Speaking (C) In speech (D) The speech 3. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 If Miss Green _______ me some notice, I could have prepared the room for her arrival. (A) would give (B) had given (C) has given (D) gave 4. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 To my regret, not only Mr. Wilson but also his boss _______ on a business trip then. (A) were (B) had been (C) has been (D) was 5. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Like the tropical forests _______ they are frequently compared, reefs are repositories of vast biological wealth. (A) to which (B) in order (C) with that (D) in which 6. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 She _______ that she had forgotten to mail the letters. (A) permitted (B) admitted (C) attempted (D) acquitted 7. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 It _______ be better if you transfer the funds directly to our bank. (A) could (B) might (C) shall (D) perhaps 8. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 We began to expand into the European market -----. (A) from two years now (B) before two years (C) two years since (D) about two years ago 9. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 When you get back from the business trip, be sure to ----- your receipts so you can get compensated for your expenses. (A) give up (B) hand down (C) turn in (D) go into 10. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Thanks to continued advances in microtechnology, the new computers are the fastest and ----- yet. (A) most cheap (B) cheaper (C) more cheap (D) cheapest 11. Part VI; Error Recognition練習問題 A)As interest rates B)raise, both institutional and private investors C)alike begin D)selling stocks and buying bonds. 12. Part VI; Error Recognition練習問題 The A)company board meeting B)taking place on the C)25th of every month, D)except for December. 13. Part VI; Error Recognition練習問題 I A)am looking forward to B)hear from you C)at your earliest D)possible convenience. (2) TOEFL 1. 空所補充問題 Originally considered to be primarily a subfield of medicine, veterinary science ----- into a broader, interdisciplinary field. (A) has more recently developed (B) to more recently develop (C) more recently development (D) of more recently developing 2. 空所補充問題 The random nature of genetic mutations provides a functionally neutral series of changes which are sorted out ----- the non-random process of natural selection. (A) in accordance (B) according (C) according to (D) of accord 3. 空所補充問題 The United Nations was formed in hopes that it would help prevent further ----- by providing a universal forum for the resolution of international disputes. (A) world warring (B) the world war (C) a world war (D) world wars 4. 空所補充問題 Atmospheric precipitation can take many forms, the most common being -----, snow, sleet and hail. (A) raining (B) to rain (C) rain (D) rained 5. 空所補充問題 Many trees have developed the capacity to store water in their leaves when the air is moist and ----- it during drier periods to increase the humidity of the surrounding soil and air. (A) releasing (B) released (C) release (D) would release 6. 正誤問題 Ornamental diamonds are sorted and graded (A)for value according to several basic (B)criteria: weight, cut, (C)clarity, and the (D)present or absence of blemishes. 7. 正誤問題 (A)As a general rule, the information processing capacity of computers of a (B)given size (C)it doubles every year (D)or so. 8. 正誤問題 Some scientists believe that the subjective perception of a (A)child's "cuteness" is a psychological response that evolved to help (B)support the (C)relative long child rearing period (D)among primates. 9. 正誤問題 Some (A)theorists believe (B)that monotheistic (C)religions developed out of polytheistic (D)believing. 10. 正誤問題 It took billions of years (A)for life to emerge on (B)earth, but the process of evolution (C)produced that intelligent life was, relatively speaking, (D)virtually instantaneous. I-2 TOEIC, TOEFL練習問題解答 (1) TOEIC 1. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Many AIDS experts voiced skepticism _______ the vaccine would actually prevent HIV infection in very many people. (A) about whether (B) on which (C) only because (D) in case 訳:多くのエイズの専門家がそのワクチンに対して、実際に多くの人々のHIV感染を防ぐことができるかどうか疑問を投げかけた。 ※正解(A)。《解説》skepticism「懐疑」に着目して、「〜かどうか懐疑を表明した」の意味で文を作る。Aを選ぶことになるが、whetherはaboutの目的語になる名詞節を作る接続詞。vaccine「ワクチン」、HIV infection「HIV(ウィルスによる)感染」 《選択肢》(C) のonly becauseは「ただ〜のために」、(D) のin caseは「〜の場合に」の意味。 2. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 _______ of cultural differences, what is your take on those computer software commercials that came in from the U.S.? (A) Spoken (B) Speaking (C) In speech (D) The speech 訳:文化の違いと言えば、アメリカから来た例のコンピュータ・ソフトウェアのコマーシャルをあなたはどう思いますか。 ※正解(B)。《解説》慣用的な独立分詞構文の問題。ここで「文化の違い (cultural differences) と言えば、…」と冒頭の部分で話題を提示している。(B) を選んでSpeaking of 〜とする。なお、Talking of 〜と言っても同じ。your take on 〜は「〜に対するあなたの受け取り方(口語)」。慣用句としては、Strictly speaking「厳密に言えば」、 Frankly speaking「率直に言えば」などもよく見る表現。 3. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 If Miss Green _______ me some notice, I could have prepared the room for her arrival. (A) would give (B) had given (C) has given (D) gave 訳:もしグリーンさんが来ることを知らせてくれていたなら、私は彼女に部屋を用意しておくことができただろう。 ※正解(B)。《解説》過去の事実に反することを仮定して言う仮定法過去完了の文。主節はI could have prepared the room for 〜「私は〜のために部屋を用意しておくことができただろう」と仮定法過去完了なので、If節もこれに合わせて「had+過去分詞」の形で作る。 4. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 To my regret, not only Mr. Wilson but also his boss _______ on a business trip then. (A) were (B) had been (C) has been (D) was 訳:残念なことに、ウィルソン氏だけでなく、彼の上司までもが、そのとき出張中であった。 ※正解(D)。《解説》相関接続詞not only A but also B「AだけでなくBもまた」の構文では、これが主語に来た場合、動詞はBに一致させる。Bにあたるのは、ここではhis boss「彼の上司」で単数名詞である。なお、then「そのとき」があるので、時制は過去形が適当で、(B) や (C) の完了時制は不適当。 5. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Like the tropical forests _______ they are frequently compared, reefs are repositories of vast biological wealth. (A) to which (B) in order (C) with that (D) in which 訳:よく比較される熱帯の森林のように、珊瑚礁はおびただしい生物の宝庫である。 ※正解(A)。《解説》comparedはbe compared to[with] 〜の形で「〜と比較される」の意味になる。the tropical forests「熱帯の森林」を先行詞とする関係代名詞を空所に入れることになるが、この場合compared につく前置詞(toないしwith)が関係代名詞の前に場所を移す形になる。 《選択肢》 (C) は関係詞のthatはその前に前置詞を置くことはできないので誤り。 6. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 She _______ that she had forgotten to mail the letters. (A) permitted (B) admitted (C) attempted (D) acquitted 訳:彼女は手紙を出すのを忘れたことを認めました。 ※正解(B)。 「認める」の意味の動詞を選びます。parmit は「許可する」。attempt は「試みる」。acquit は「釈放する」。admit は通例自分に都合の悪いことをしぶしぶ認めるような場合に用いられます。 7. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 It _______ be better if you transfer the funds directly to our bank. (A) could (B) might (C) shall (D) perhaps 訳:資金を直接当行に移しかえていただいた方が良いかもしれません。 ※正解(B)。まず、perhaps は副詞であるので、ここには入らない(後ろに原形の be があるので)ことを理解したい。後は意味上どれが一番適切かを判断するしかありません。 8. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 We began to expand into the European market -----. (A) from two years now (B) before two years (C) two years since (D) about two years ago 訳:わが社は2年ほど前にヨーロッパ市場に参入し始めた。 ※正解(D)。解説 expand into 〜は「〜へと広がる、拡大する」。 (D) の about two years ago ( [ 今から ]2 年ほど前に)以外はいずれも英語として不自然。 9. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 When you get back from the business trip, be sure to ----- your receipts so you can get compensated for your expenses. (A) give up (B) hand down (C) turn in (D) go into 訳:出張から帰ったら、立て替えた経費の支払いを受けることができるように、領収書を忘れずに提出してください。 ※正解(C)。解説 be sure to do はここでは命令形で「必ず〜しなさい」という意味を表す。選択肢の意味はそれぞれ、 (A)give up 〜(〜をあきらめる)、 (B)hand down 〜( [ 評決・判決 ] を言い渡す)、 (C)turn in 〜(〜を提出する)、 (D)go into 〜(〜に入る)。前後の文脈から判断して、 (C) が正解となる。 10. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Thanks to continued advances in microtechnology, the new computers are the fastest and ----- yet. (A) most cheap (B) cheaper (C) more cheap (D) cheapest 訳:相次ぐマイクロ工学の進歩のおかげで、新しいコンピュータはこれまでになく速く、しかも安くなった。 ※正解(D)。解説 yet は最上級を示す語とともに用いて「これまでに、今までに」という意味を表す。 (A) と (C) は文法的に誤りなので (B)cheaper か (D)cheapest かということになるが、 and の直前に the fastest と最上級が来ていて、文末に yet があるので空所にも最上級の (D)cheapest が入ることが分かる。なお、最上級の前には一般に the が来るが、ここでは fastest の前に the があるので省略されている。 11. Part VI; Error Recognition練習問題 A)As interest rates B)raise, both institutional and private investors C)alike begin D)selling stocks and buying bonds. 訳:金利が上がるにつれて、機関投資家も個人投資家も一様に株式を売って債券を買い始める。 ※正解(B)。解説 interest rates (利率)が主語で (B)raise が述語。そのあとに目的語がないので、 raise (他動詞)は rise (自動詞)でなければならない。 institutional investor (機関投資家)、 stock (株式)、 bond (債券)などの金融関連用語を押さえておこう。 12. Part VI; Error Recognition練習問題 The A)company board meeting B)taking place on the C)25th of every month, D)except for December. 訳:取締役会は12月を除いて毎月25日に開かれます。 ※正解(B)。解説 もし、現在進行形であれば、 (B)taking place の前に be 動詞の is が必要となる。しかし、「毎月開かれる」は現在の習慣的事実に当たるので、時制は現在時制 takes place とするのが正しい。 13. Part VI; Error Recognition練習問題 I A)am looking forward to B)hear from you C)at your earliest D)possible convenience. 訳:都合がつき次第、お便りを頂けるのを楽しみにしています。 ※正解(B)。解説 look forward to 〜(〜するのを楽しみにしている)のあとには名詞もしくは動名詞が来る。よって (B) は hearing にしなければならない。 I-2 TOEIC, TOEFL練習問題解答 (2) TOEFL 1. 空所補充問題 Originally considered to be primarily a subfield of medicine, veterinary science ----- into a broader, interdisciplinary field. (A) has more recently developed (B) to more recently develop (C) more recently development (D) of more recently developing ※正解(A)。【解説】 Originally considered ... は分詞構文。veterinary science「獣医学」が この文の主語で、空所には動詞が入ることになる。正解はhas more recently developedである。 2. 空所補充問題 The random nature of genetic mutations provides a functionally neutral series of changes which are sorted out ----- the non-random process of natural selection. (A) in accordance (B) according (C) according to (D) of accord ※正解(C)。【解説】 空所には「... にしたがって」の意味を表す語句が入ることになる。in accordanceの場合には前置詞withが必要になる。正解はaccording toである。 3. 空所補充問題 The United Nations was formed in hopes that it would help prevent further ----- by providing a universal forum for the resolution of international disputes. (A) world warring (B) the world war (C) a world war (D) world wars ※正解(D)。【解説】 空所の前に形容詞furtherがあることから、the world warとa world warが 使えないことはすぐに分かるだろう。warringは「敵対する、戦争している」という 意味の形容詞である。したがって、正解はworld warsになる。 4. 空所補充問題 Atmospheric precipitation can take many forms, the most common being -----, snow, sleet and hail. (A) raining (B) to rain (C) rain (D) rained ※正解(C)。【解説】 空所の後に名詞snow、sleet「みぞれ」、hail「ひょう」が並んでいること からrainが正解であることが分かる。the most common being ... (分詞構文)は and the most common are ... と同じ働きをしている。 5. 空所補充問題 Many trees have developed the capacity to store water in their leaves when the air is moist and ----- it during drier periods to increase the humidity of the surrounding soil and air. (A) releasing (B) released (C) release (D) would release ※正解(C)。【解説】 空所の主語はMany treesで、この文は現在形。このことから正解が releaseであることが分かる。 6. 正誤問題 Ornamental diamonds are sorted and graded (A)for value according to several basic (B)criteria: weight, cut, (C)clarity, and the (D)present or absence of blemishes. ※正解(D)。【解説】 present → presence。 前置詞for、criteria「基準(複数形)」、clarity「透明さ(名詞)」の用 法に誤りはない。presentでは次に続くabsenceとの意味がつながらない。ここは presence「存在」にしなければならない。 7. 正誤問題 (A)As a general rule, the information processing capacity of computers of a (B)given size (C)it doubles every year (D)or so. 【※正解(C)。【解説】 itを取る。 As a general ruleは「通則、慣例として」、givenは「一定の」という意 味。この文の主語はthe information ... size、動詞がdoublesである。itが余分だ ったのである。or soは「... ほど」の意。 8. 正誤問題 Some scientists believe that the subjective perception of a (A)child's "cuteness" is a psychological response that evolved to help (B)support the (C)relative long child rearing period (D)among primates. ※正解(C)。【解説】 relative → relatively。 所有格child'sに問題はない。helpの後に来る不定詞はよく省略される。 relativeはlongを修飾しているので、ここは副詞relativelyを用いなければならな い。前置詞among「... の中で」の用法に誤りはない。 9. 正誤問題 Some (A)theorists believe (B)that monotheistic (C)religions developed out of polytheistic (D)believing. ※正解(D)。【解説】 believing → beliefs。 theorists「理論家」、接続詞that、religions「宗教(可算名詞)」に誤り はない。形容詞polytheistic「多宗教の」後には動名詞ではなくbelieveの名詞形 beliefsを用いなくてはいけない。 10. 正誤問題 It took billions of years (A)for life to emerge on (B)earth, but the process of evolution (C)produced that intelligent life was, relatively speaking, (D)virtually instantaneous. ※正解(C)。【解説】 produced that → that produced。 for lifeは次に来る不定詞to以下の主語。on earthで「地球上で」の意味に なる。produced thatの語順に注意してほしい。このままでは文が繋がらない。that producedにすればいい。virtuallyは形容詞instantaneousを修飾する副詞である。 II.時事英文 The worst economic crisis (その3:全6回シリーズ) Housing economist Robert Shiller at Yale University has found that home prices fell by about thirty percent during the Depression. Then, as now, many people lost their homes because they could not pay their mortgage loans. Today people borrow much more of the value of their homes than they used to. In fact, Professor Shiller estimates that ten million Americans owe more than their home is worth. An estimated nine thousand banks failed during the Depression. Agencies that guarantee savings and supervise the financial system did not exist at the start. When banks failed, people lost everything. Fear of bank failures led people to withdraw their money, leading to more failures. III - a. 雑知識
III-b. 英語のことわざ ◆Those who live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones. ◆ This proverb means that you shouldn't criticize people for their bad qualities when you have those bad qualities yourself. If you throw a stone in a glass house, you risk smashing the whole house. To throw stones here means "to criticize" and the "glass house" symbolizes the fragile nature of one's moral position. III -c. 英語でどう言う? 衝動買いをする buy on impulse 【例文】When she dropped by the boutique last week, Dorothy bought the sweater on impulse. 値切る bargain down the price 【例文】I bargained down the price of the TV to \5,000 in the flea market. 店に返品する take ... back to the shop 【例文】I would like to take this jacket back to the shop because it is too big. レジに並ぶ line up at a checkout counter 【例文】The customers grabbed the bargains and lined up at a checkout counter. III-d 今週のイディオム jump the gun 早まる、早合点する、(他人より)先走る (start doing something too soon, especially without thinking about it carefully) 競争でスターターのピストルの合図より先に飛び出すことに由来する慣用表現。あまりよく考えずに行動に出てしまった場合に用いられます。また、陸上競技などで「フライングする」という意味でも使われます。 John shouted at me before I had time to explain, but later he apologized for jumping the gun. (ジョンは僕が説明する間もなく僕をどなりつけたが、あとで早とちりしてしまったことを謝罪した) The newspaper jumped the gun on the kidnapping case. (その新聞はその誘拐事件を先走って報道した) Kelly was disqualified from the race for jumping the gun. (ケリーはフライングを犯して、レースの出場資格を失った) IV. Jokes a. Problems with my laptop required calling the dreaded help line. The service rep, based in another country, did not speak English very well. So I tried to explain it as simply as I could: "I can't get the computer to work." "Ah, I see," he replied. "You are unable to transport your computer to your place of employment." b. The action movie my husband and I were watching had a spectacular explosion scene where the bad guy blew up a convenience store. The building and the petrol pumps in front of it were engulfed in a huge ball of fire. "Wow!" my husband gushed, excitedly. I was about to comment that it was a pretty impressive explosion when he continued, "Did you see the price of regular? Fifty cents a liter." c. I was standing at a junction when a group of students marched by. "OK, children, why do we all need to stay on the pavement?" the teacher asked. I expected to hear something cautionary about the dangers of traffic. Instead I heard, "Because if we don't our health insurance won't cover us." d. Next door to me, a young man lives above his elderly landlady. He has his share of wild parties and she goes to bed early, but they get along just fine. Curious, I asked him how they make it work. "I take out her garbage in the morning," he said, "and she takes out her hearing aid at night." e. A struggling actor walks into a zoo, looking for work. "The gorilla, one of our star attractions, has just died," says the manager. "I'll pay you $300 a day to dress in this monkey suit and pretend to be him." The actor agrees and spends the next few minutes in a cage amusing visitors. But they soon grow bored and move on to the lion enclosure next door. Desperate to keep his new job, the actor climbs up the wall and dangles just out of the lion's reach. This infuriates the lion but delights the visitors. The actor performs the stunt every day, drawing huge crowds. Thrilled, the zoo manager increases his wage to $500. Then one day, the actor loses his grip and lands at lion's feet. It chases him round the cage until he starts screaming, "Help me! Help me!" The lion pounces. "Shut up you idiot," it says. "Do you waqnt to get us both fired?" |