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資料No. ： NS080924
I-1 TOEIC, TOEFL練習問題 (1) TOEIC 1. Part V； Incomplete Sentence練習問題 I think all managers must help _______ employee develop his or her potential. (A) each one of the (B) every of their (C) an every (D) each 2. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Dr. Schneider has been engaged in _______ for ten years. (A) making cancer research (B) many cancer researches (C) a cancer research (D) cancer research 3. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Please be sure to include _______ on the application form. (A) all information (B) all the informations (C) your all information (D) the all pieces of information 4. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Not only Vince but also Tim _______ to part of Max's fortune. (A) are heirs (B) is the heir (C) is an heir (D) is a heir 5. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 _______ first reached us in early September regarding this problem. (A) Word (B) A word (C) A news (D) Informations 6. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題む I've heard that Sid _______ to Yale. (A) is scholarship (B) got scholarship (C) won a scholarship (D) winned a scholarship 7. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Some of the details need _______ before we submit the report for approval. (A) clarify (B) clarifying (C) be clarified (D) being clarified 8. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題む We have considered hundreds of candidates but ----- at all has the necessary qualifications. (A) someone (B) anybody (C) everyone (D) no one 9. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Discussion has gone on for hours, but ----- of what has been said has any bearing on the problem we are facing. (A) almost (B) most (C) little (D) much 10. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Our collection of books on handcrafts and ----- subjects can be found in this section. (A) related (B) relations (C) relative (D) relating 11. Part VI; Error Recognition練習問題 My younger brother (A)have a (B)real talent for (C)getting (D)into trouble. 12. Part VI; Error Recognition練習問題 In his (A)younger days, he was (B)footloose though it is easy (C)to see that he's (D)settled up now. 13. Part VI; Error Recognition練習問題 (A)After all is (B)said and (C)did, he is (D)just a mean man. (2) TOEFL 1. 空所補充問題 The first native-born mayor of New York City was Stephanus Van Cortlandt, ----- Dutch-American colonial merchant and public official. (A) being (B) to be a (C) was a (D) a 2. 空所補充問題む If brain size ----- were an indication of intelligence, then elephants and other non-human animals would have to be considered the most intelligent beings of all. (A) unique (B) alone (C) just (D) even 3. 空所補充問題 Dislocation occurs when any part of the body is moved out of its normal position, in particular when a ball-and-socket joint is taken ----- in an injury. (A) around (B) along (C) among (D) apart 4. 空所補充問題 The Liberty Bell, which now ----- in a museum pavilion in Independence National Historical Park in downtown Philadelphia, was rung in 1776 to announce the adoption of the Declaration of the U.S. Independence. (A) hangs (B) hung (C) hanging (D) hang 5. 空所補充問題 Kiribati is a country of 33 small islands in the central Pacific Ocean, ----- its capital in the island of Tarawa. (A) in (B) at (C) for (D) with 6. 正誤問題 (A)Although a universal and (B)precisely definition of emotion is virtually impossible to pin down, (C)most agree that it is a natural state of mind that emerges (D)in response to circumstances. 7. 正誤問題 The element mendelevium is (A)a radioactive substance (B)who has never been found (C)in nature, but (D)which can be produced synthetically. 8. 正誤問題 Voyager is the name (A)giving to two space probes (B)launched in 1977 by the United States (C)to explore the planet Jupiter and the (D)outer solar system. 9. 正誤問題 Willow shrubs and trees (A)provide shade, erosion control, and (B)timber, as (C)good as salicin, the source of salicylic acid (D)used in aspirin. 10. 正誤問題 The manipulation of people and events (A)through the supposed (B)using of magical (C)powers is (D)thought to be one of the oldest forms of religion. I-2 TOEIC, TOEFL練習問題解答 (1) TOEIC 1. Part V； Incomplete Sentence練習問題 I think all managers must help _______ employee develop his or her potential. (A) each one of the (B) every of their (C) an every (D) each 訳：管理職にある人間は皆、各社員が自己の潜在的能力を開発できるよう援助していかねばならないと思う。 ※正解（D）。【着眼点】空所の後のemployeeは可算名詞の#単数形#。「each (one) of the＋名詞」の形式自体は存在するが、#この場合の名詞は複数#でないといけない。したがって (A) は不可。everyは代名詞用法をもたず、また冠詞を伴うこともないので (B), (C) も誤り。eachを形容詞で用いて単数名詞のemployeeにかける (D) であれば問題はない。 2. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Dr. Schneider has been engaged in _______ for ten years. (A) making cancer research (B) many cancer researches (C) a cancer research (D) cancer research 訳：シュナイダー博士は10年来ガン研究に従事している。 ※正解（D）。【着眼点】research（研究）の語法は少々やっかいで、基本的には不可算だが、複数形で用いることも可能。ただし、複数形の場合でもmanyや数詞と結びつくのは通例不可。数えるにはtwo[three...] pieces of researchのような形をとる必要がある。なお、a researchという言い方もしない。 【選択肢】(A) については、そもそもmake research自体が誤った言い回し（ → do researchとは言う）。 3. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Please be sure to include _______ on the application form. (A) all information (B) all the informations (C) your all information (D) the all pieces of information 訳：申し込み用紙にはすべてにわたって記入漏れのなきようにお書きください。 ※正解（A）。【着眼点】all, some, noなどは可算名詞の他に不可算名詞とも結びつく（with all speed（全速力で））。informationが不可算名詞であることは完全に頭に入れておくべき。 【選択肢】allは他の限定詞に先行する場合はよい（all the[your] 〜 ）が後続する形は不可 （×the [your] all 〜 ）なので (C), (D) は消える。(B) は不可算のinformationが複数形になっている点で不可。 4. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Not only Vince but also Tim _______ to part of Max's fortune. (A) are heirs (B) is the heir (C) is an heir (D) is a heir 訳：ヴィンスだけでなくティムもマックスの財産の一部を相続する1人である。 ※正解（C）。【着眼点】定冠詞が「唯一性」の意味を含むのに対し、不定冠詞は「複数個の中の任意の1つ」を表すという性質をもつ（X is the heir to Y.（ＸはＹの（唯一の）相続人だ）；X is an heir to Y.（相続人（の1人）だ））。空所部分の主語はTimのほうだが相続人 (heir) は彼以外にVinceもいるわけであり、候補にあがるのは不定冠詞のついたheirとなる。その上で大事なのは、heirが母音で始まる語だという点（ → 語頭のhは黙字で発音されない）。なお、(A) は主語 （=Tim） との呼応に問題がある。 5. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 _______ first reached us in early September regarding this problem. (A) Word (B) A word (C) A news (D) Informations 訳：この問題についての知らせは9月の初旬になって初めて私どものもとに届きました。 ※正解（A）。【着眼点】newsやinformationは不可算名詞で不定冠詞のついた (C) や複数形の (D) が誤りなのは明らかだが、問題は (A), (B) におけるwordの用法。wordは「単語」などの意では可算名詞であるのに対し、「知らせ、便り」を意味するときは不可算名詞として用いられる。問題文の文脈では後者の意なのでa wordは不可。同じ語が可算・不可算の両用法をもつ場合は文脈の見極めが大事。 6. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題む I've heard that Sid _______ to Yale. (A) is scholarship (B) got scholarship (C) won a scholarship (D) winned a scholarship 訳：シドはエール大学に入る奨学金を得たそうだ。 ※正解（C）。【着眼点】「奨学金」の意のscholarshipは可算名詞なのでaのついた (C) と (D) が候補だが、win（＝不規則活用動詞）の過去形はwonだから (C) のほうが正解。 【選択肢】(A) についてはis on a scholarship（奨学金をもらっている）という言い方はある。(B) はaをつければ通る。 7. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Some of the details need _______ before we submit the report for approval. (A) clarify (B) clarifying (C) be clarified (D) being clarified 訳：報告書を提出して承認を求める前に、何点か細かいところを明確にしておく必要がある。 ※正解（B）。【着眼点】clarify 〜 は「〜を明確にする［理解しやすくする］」の意でsome of the details（主部）はclarifyされる側だが、述部がneedで始まっている点に注意。needが動名詞を目的語にとると、その動名詞は能動形で受動の意味を表すことになる （need clarifying = need to be clarified）。 【選択肢】needは疑問文や否定文、またはそれに準じる文では助動詞としても用いられるが、問題文の主節は肯定文の形をとっている。したがって (A)、(C) はいずれにせよ不可。 8. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題む We have considered hundreds of candidates but ----- at all has the necessary qualifications. (A) someone (B) anybody (C) everyone (D) no one 訳：私たちはたくさんの候補者を検討してきたが、必要条件を満たす人は誰もいない。 ※正解（D）。解説 but と at all より、空所には否定的な意味を持つ語句が入ると分かる。よって「誰も〜ない」という意味を表す (D) を選ぶ。 9. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Discussion has gone on for hours, but ----- of what has been said has any bearing on the problem we are facing. (A) almost (B) most (C) little (D) much 訳：討議は何時間も続いているが、話されたことは、私たちが直面している問題とはほとんど関係がない。 ※正解（C）。解説 but と any より、空所には否定的な語句が入ると分かるので、正解は (C)little （ほとんどない、わずか）。 little of what has been said has any bearing on 〜（話されたことのほとんどは〜とは関係がない）は but に続く文の主語となっている。 10. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Our collection of books on handcrafts and ----- subjects can be found in this section. (A) related (B) relations (C) relative (D) relating 訳：手工芸や関連したテーマに関する本のコレクションは、このセクションで見ることができる。 ※正解（A）。解説 文の主語に当たるのは Our collection... subjects 。空所には subjects （題材、テーマ）を修飾する語が入る。正解は (A)related （関連のある）。 (B) は名詞なので不適。 (C) は「関係のある」を表すが、名詞を後ろから修飾するときに使われるのが普通。 (D)relating は動詞 relate の現在分詞だが、「〜に関係がある」という意味を表すには relate to 〜としなくてはならない。 11. Part VI; Error Recognition練習問題 My younger brother (A)have a (B)real talent for (C)getting (D)into trouble. 訳：僕の弟は、本当によくもめごとに巻き込まれる。 ※正解（A）。hyave → has。(B) talent [またa〜の形で使うこともある]<+ for>「(特殊の)才能」(C) (D) get into trouble「問題を起こす、もめごとに巻き込まれる」[ヒント]主語と動詞の呼応。 12. Part VI; Error Recognition練習問題 In his (A)younger days, he was (B)footloose though it is easy (C)to see that he's (D)settled up now. 訳：彼は今は落ち着いて見えるが、若いころは好き勝手をしてた。 ※正解（D）。settled up → settled down。(B) footloose「(家庭・仕事などの束縛がなく)好きな所へ行けて、好きなことができて」(D) settle up「(〜の)借金を済ます」settle down「落ち着く」 13. Part VI; Error Recognition練習問題 (A)After all is (B)said and (C)did, he is (D)just a mean man. 訳：結局のところ、彼はただのけちな男にすぎない。 ※正解（C）。dod → done。(A) - (C) after all is said and done「やはり、結局」after all「結局」 (2) TOEFL 1. 空所補充問題 The first native-born mayor of New York City was Stephanus Van Cortlandt, ----- Dutch-American colonial merchant and public official. (A) being (B) to be a (C) was a (D) a ※正解（D）。【解説】 この文の動詞はwasである。Stephanus Van Cortlandtの後にはこの人物を説明する語句が来ているので、冠詞aを付けるだけでいい。 2. 空所補充問題む If brain size ----- were an indication of intelligence, then elephants and other non-human animals would have to be considered the most intelligent beings of all. (A) unique (B) alone (C) just (D) even ※正解（B）。【解説】 If文の意味を考えてみるといい。「脳の大きさだけが知能の高さを表すのなら」という意味にするには、aloneを空所に入れればいい。 3. 空所補充問題 Dislocation occurs when any part of the body is moved out of its normal position, in particular when a ball-and-socket joint is taken ----- in an injury. (A) around (B) along (C) among (D) apart ※正解（D）。【解説】 脱臼（Dislocation）は球関節（ball-and-socket joint）がはずれた時に起こるのである。空所にapartを入れれば「はずれる」の意味になる。 4. 空所補充問題 The Liberty Bell, which now ----- in a museum pavilion in Independence National Historical Park in downtown Philadelphia, was rung in 1776 to announce the adoption of the Declaration of the U.S. Independence. (A) hangs (B) hung (C) hanging (D) hang ※正解（A）。【解説】 nowがあるので過去形のhungは使えない。また、分詞hanging、hangが使えないのもすぐにわかるだろう。空所にはThe Liberty Bellに呼応したhangsが入る。 5. 空所補充問題 Kiribati is a country of 33 small islands in the central Pacific Ocean, ----- its capital in the island of Tarawa. (A) in (B) at (C) for (D) with ※正解（D）。【解説】 前置詞withには状況を表す働きがあるので、空所にwithを入れれば後から「首都はタラワ島にある」と補足説明していることになる。 6. 正誤問題 (A)Although a universal and (B)precisely definition of emotion is virtually impossible to pin down, (C)most agree that it is a natural state of mind that emerges (D)in response to circumstances. ※正解(B)。【解説】 precisely → precise。接続詞Althoughの用法に問題はない。名詞definition「定義」の前に形容詞universalとandがあるということは、当然、副詞preciselyは形容詞preciseにしなくてはいけない。 7. 正誤問題 The element mendelevium is (A)a radioactive substance (B)who has never been found (C)in nature, but (D)which can be produced synthetically. ※正解(B)。【解説】 who → that/which。substance 「物質」は可算名詞。whoとwhichは共にsubstanceを受けているので、whoはwhich/thatにしなくてはいけない。natureの前に冠詞theは必要ない。mendelevium「メンデレビウム（放射性元素）」。 8. 正誤問題 Voyager is the name (A)giving to two space probes (B)launched in 1977 by the United States (C)to explore the planet Jupiter and the (D)outer solar system. ※正解(A)。【解説】 giving → given。the name giving to ... は文脈から判断して「……に与えられた名前である」という意味を表すはずである。givingを過去分詞givenにしなければこの意味にならない。probe「宇宙探査用ロケット」、outer「外の」。 9. 正誤問題 Willow shrubs and trees (A)provide shade, erosion control, and (B)timber, as (C)good as salicin, the source of salicylic acid (D)used in aspirin. ※正解(C)。【解説】 good → well。provide「供給する」、timber「材木」に問題はない。「……もまた」という意味にするにはgoodをwellにしなくてはいけない。usedの前にwhich isが略されている。 10. 正誤問題 The manipulation of people and events (A)through the supposed (B)using of magical (C)powers is (D)thought to be one of the oldest forms of religion. ※正解(B)。【解説】 using → use。この場合の前置詞throughは「……によって」という意味を表す。「使用」の意味を表すには動名詞usingではなく名詞useを用いる。powersは可算名詞。be thought to be ... 「……だと思われている」。 II.時事英文 Archeological Dig Area in the American State of South Carolina (その3：全12回シリーズ) The five satellites were launched last year as part of the American space agency's THEMIS project. THEMIS is a word the agency uses to represent Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions During Substorms. The researchers were able to directly observe the magnetic substorms using both the satellites and twenty ground observatories. The observatories are in Canada and the American state of Alaska. Every four days, the satellites lined up half way between the North and South Poles to record observations. Equipment on the ground helped to identify when and where a substorm was forming. Other devices measure the auroral light from particles moving along Earth's magnetic field. Their observations of six months ago confirmed that magnetic reconnection leads to substorms. III - a. 雑知識
III-b. 英語のことわざ ◆Revenge is a dish best served cold◆ This proverb, famous now for being used at the beginning of Quentin Tarentino's Kill Bill Volume 1, says that, if someone does something bad to you, it is best to wait for a while before getting your revenge. You should not immediately try to punish that person, but you should wait and plan your revenge. That way, because you will be less angry when you get revenge and you will have thought about it for longer, the revenge will be so much better, more satisfying and sweeter for you. III -c. 英語でどう言う？ ファスナーを開ける unzip 【例文】The car salesperson unzipped his bag and took out the catalog. ネクタイをゆるめる loosen one's tie 【例文】You can loosen your tie and relax. ボタンをはずす undo one's buttons 【例文】When Thomas started undo his buttons on his sleeve, the doorbell rang. 靴のひもを解く undo one's shoes 【例文】Keiko undid her shoes and took them off at the entrance. III-d 今週のイディオム in the hot seat 苦境に立って、難しい立場で (in a difficult position where you have to make important decisions, answer questions) 処刑用の電気いすを意味する俗語hot seatから生まれた慣用表現。逃げられないような難しい立場に置かれたり、矢面に立つ場合に使われます。答えたくない質問をされ、不快な気分にさせられるという含みもあります。 The politician was in the hot seat in the Diet because he had to answer questions on some dubious political donations. (その政治家は疑わしい政治資金について説明しなければならなかったため、国会で苦しい立場に立たされた) You may be in the hot seat if you cannot explain this problem to the customers. (お客さんにこの問題について説明できないと、苦しい立場に置かれるかもしれないよ) John put himself in the hot seat after his controversial remarks. (ジョンは問題発言をして、苦境に陥った) IV. Jokes a. There are two nude statues - a male and a female - facing each other in the park. One day, an angel comes, brings them both to life, and grants them 30 minutes to do what they wish. The statues give each other knowing looks and run off into the woods together. The angel waits as giggling sounds come from the bushes. After 15 minutes, the statues return, out of breath and laughing. The angel reminds them that they have 15 minutes left. "Great. Shall we do it again?" the male asks. "Oh, yes, please," says the female. "But this time, I'll hold the pigeon down and you poo on his head." b. As we got off a fast-moving Ferris wheel at the fair, I asked my four-year-old son, Joe, if he had butterflies in his tummy. "No, Mum," Joe replied. !I kept my mouth closed." c. I'd bought my ten-year-old daughter, Catherine, a training bra. She was very excited about wearing it. However, on the third day, she asked, "You know what's the best thing about wearing a bra, Mum?" "No" I said. "Getting to take it off at night!" she replied. d. Our eight-year-old grandson spent a week at camp. Matt went with a stack of pre-addressed postcards to send to the family. Our first arrived mid-week and read. "I am having a good time. Love, Matt." The second card, a few days later, was more succinct. "Read other card." e. We rushed our four-year-old son, Ben, to the emergency room with a terrible cough, a high fever and vomiting. The doctor examined him, then asked Ben what bothered him the most. After thinking it over, Ben said hoarsely, "It would have to be my little sister." f. The priest was advising the kids about peer pressure. He told them they could be pressured into becoming bullies, or they might be dared into shoplifting. Then he asked, "What other pressures might you have?" One little girl said, "Blood pressure." |