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資料No. ： NS080903
I-1 TOEIC, TOEFL練習問題 (1) TOEIC 1. Part V； Incomplete Sentence練習問題 I suspect he has intentionally included figures that _______ in the expense budget. (A) have not should be (B) should have not been (C) should not have been (D) ought to not have been 2. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Once the train _______ the city, we won't be able to use the telephone. (A) will leave (B) leaves from (C) leaves (D) left from 3. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Man has been striving to improve rice _______ over 7,000 years, ever since rice cultivation was initiated in Asia. (A) more than (B) from (C) since (D) for 4. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題む The officer _______ his men to fight well in the coming battle. (A) hoped (B) expected (C) aimed (D) demanded 5. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Please _______ him that he is required to get a temporary badge from a receptionist. (A) relate (B) repeat (C) remind (D) recollect 6. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 In spite of circumstantial evidence pointing to his guilt, the accused _______ that he was innocent. (A) interrogated (B) inquired (C) persuaded (D) maintained 7. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Since John lacks experience in negotiation, he feels so _______ whenever he meets potential clients. (A) awkward (B) awkwardly (C) easy (D) easily 8. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Brand X is effective only when used with hot water; -----, our product works just as well with cold water. (A) if (B) however (C) although (D) despite 9. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Only her belief ----- her religion carried her through the series of crises. (A) for (B) on (C) in (D) about 10. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Only her belief ----- her religion carried her through the series of crises. (A) for (B) on (C) in (D) about 11. Part VI; Error Recognition練習問題 That man (A)over there (B)in the dark gray suit (C)have always been (D)a thorn in my side. 12. Part VI; Error Recognition練習問題 You (A)sure (B)pulled the wool (C)on my eyes that time, but (D)never again. 13. Part VI; Error Recognition練習問題 Harry, (A)my son, is the apple (B)of my eyes and (C)my hope for the future (D)of this company. (2) TOEFL 1. 空所補充問題 The kukui tree of Hawaii derives its nickname, candlenut, ----- its fruit contains an oil that can be burned to generate light. (A) from the fact that (B) that from the fact (C) from that fact (D) the fact that from 2. 空所補充問題 Not until Richard Wagner completed his Ring cycle of operas -----. (A) a composer had created musical drama on such a grand scale (B) had a composer created musical drama on such a grand scale (C) had created a composer musical drama on such a grand scale (D) a composer created musical drama on such a grand scale 3. 空所補充問題 In cases ----- the regular prosecutor may have a conflict of interest, an official known as independent council can be appointed to carry out the investigation or prosecution. (A) which (B) where (C) that (D) there 4. 空所補充問題 The economies of several of the most advanced industrial nations are ----- longer based primarily on heavy manufacturing. (A) not (B) nor (C) none (D) no 5. 空所補充問題 There are five regular polyhedrons, ----- solid figures with four or more identical surfaces called faces. (A) that are (B) those are (C) they are (D) which are 6. 正誤問題 The quality and (A)expressiveness of Winston Churchill's paintings inspired some critics (B)to regret that (C)their painting had to be interrupted by his career (D)as a statesman. 7. 正誤問題 Some wild pigs may travel (A)hundred of kilometers (B)through (C)forested mountain terrain in (D)search of suitable sources of food and water. 8. 正誤問題 New Delhi, (A)a national capital of India, is made (B)up of part of the city (C)and union (D)territory of Delhi. 9. 正誤問題 Relatively (A)small is known about the hearing of large mammals (B)simply because laboratory experiments (C)on animal sound reception are (D)easier to conduct with small animals. 10. 正誤問題 Astronomers are (A)intensely interested in globular clusters, large (B)groups of old stars that are (C)closely packed in a symmetrical, somewhat (D)spherically form. I-2 TOEIC, TOEFL練習問題解答 (1) TOEIC 1. Part V； Incomplete Sentence練習問題 I suspect he has intentionally included figures that _______ in the expense budget. (A) have not should be (B) should have not been (C) should not have been (D) ought to not have been 訳：経費予算に含めるべきではない数字が入っているのは彼の意図的なしわざではないかと思う。 ※正解（C）。【選択肢】法助動詞 (should) は第1助動詞 (have) に先行し、その逆は成立しないので (A) は不可。否定文ではnotは法助動詞の後に配置されるので (B) は不可。ought toを否定文で用いる場合notはtoの前にくるので (D) は不可。したがって残る (C) が正解となる。figures that should not have been in 〜は｢〜にあるべきではなかった（のに実際は入っていた）数字｣を指す。 2. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Once the train _______ the city, we won't be able to use the telephone. (A) will leave (B) leaves from (C) leaves (D) left from 訳：電車が市外に出てしまうと、その時点で電話は使えなくなるだろう。 ※正解（C）。【着眼点】接続詞用法のonceは｢いったん [一度] …すると｣｢…するやいなや｣の意で、if, when, after, as soon asなどと同様条件や時の副詞節を導く。したがって主節が未来時制（won't be）でも選ぶのはleaves（現在時制）。 【選択肢】leaveは｢（今いる所を）発って〜へ向かう｣の意でleave for 〜（〜＝目的地）の形をとることはあるが、leave from 〜（〜＝離れる場所）は不可。 3. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Man has been striving to improve rice _______ over 7,000 years, ever since rice cultivation was initiated in Asia. (A) more than (B) from (C) since (D) for 訳：アジアで稲作が始まって以来、7000年以上にわたって人類は米の改良を目指して努力を重ねてきた。 ※正解（D）。【着眼点】has been strivingは過去のある時点から現在まで｢努力する (strive) ｣という行為が反復継続していることを表す現在完了進行形。ever sinceのsince はその努力が始まった時点がいつかを示す時の副詞節を導く接続詞（everは｢（ ...して以来）ずっと｣）。そしてover 7,000 yearsは努力の継続期間であり、｢期間｣を導入するにはforを用いる。 【選択肢】more thanはoverと意味が重なる。 4. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題む The officer _______ his men to fight well in the coming battle. (A) hoped (B) expected (C) aimed (D) demanded 訳：将校は来たるべき戦闘で兵士が立派に戦ってくれるものと期待した。 ※正解（B）。【着眼点】｢O (his men) ＋to不定詞 (to fight) ｣を従えられるのはexpectのみ。 【選択肢】hope, aim（目指す [努力する] ）, demand（要求する）は｢hope／aim ／demand＋to不定詞｣の形はある（I demand to know the truth.＝ぜひ真実を知りたい）。 5. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Please _______ him that he is required to get a temporary badge from a receptionist. (A) relate (B) repeat (C) remind (D) recollect 訳：受付で臨時のバッジを交付してもらう必要がある旨を彼に念を押しておいてください。 ※正解（C）。【文構造】「____ (V) ＋him (IO) ＋that節 (DO) 」の第4文型。 【着眼点】「人＋that節」の形を従えられるのはremind（思い起こさせる、念を押す）だけである。 【選択肢】relate（＝（順序立てて）話す）は｢relate（to＋人）＋that節｣の形はとるが第4文型は不可。repeat（＝繰り返して言う）も同様。recollectは｢〜を思い出す｣の意でOにthat節をとる形（第3文型）は可能だが｢人に物事を思い出させる｣の意はない。 6. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 In spite of circumstantial evidence pointing to his guilt, the accused _______ that he was innocent. (A) interrogated (B) inquired (C) persuaded (D) maintained 訳：状況証拠からすれば有罪であるのだが、被告は無罪を主張した。 ※正解（D）。【文構造】｢the accused (S) ____ (V) that節 (O) ｣ の第3文型。accusedはtheがつくと｢被告人｣の意になる。In spite of 〜は｢〜にもかかわらず｣の意で副詞句を導く。 【着眼点】that節をOにとって第3文型を作れるのはmaintain（主張する）のみ。 【選択肢】interrogate は｢（人）を尋問する｣の意。inquire （＝問う）はwh節ならOにとれる。persuade（＝説得する）は｢persuade＋人＋that節｣の第4文型はある。 7. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Since John lacks experience in negotiation, he feels so _______ whenever he meets potential clients. (A) awkward (B) awkwardly (C) easy (D) easily 訳：ジョンは交渉の経験が不足しているので、顧客になりそうな人に会うたびにまごまごする。 ※正解（A）。【文構造】Since 〜 negotiationは「理由」、またwhenever（＝at any time when）〜 clientsは「時」を表す副詞節。骨格部分はhe (S) feels (V) __ となる。 【着眼点】since節の内容から考えて空所にはネガティブな語がくるから (C) と (D) は消える。he feels 〜は「he＝〜であるように感じる」の意でfeelは「である型」の不完全自動詞。空所にはＣがくるが、副詞はＣにならないから (A) のawkwardが正解。 8. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Brand X is effective only when used with hot water; -----, our product works just as well with cold water. (A) if (B) however (C) although (D) despite 訳：Xブランドはお湯を用いた場合のみ効果があります。しかし、わが社の製品は水でも同じように有効です。 ※正解（B）。 正解は「しかしながら」を意味する（ B ）の however 。 if （もし〜ならば）、 although （たとえ〜でも）、 despite （〜にもかかわらず）は、文脈から考えていずれも当てはまらない。 9. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Only her belief ----- her religion carried her through the series of crises. (A) for (B) on (C) in (D) about 訳：彼女は宗教を信じていたおかげで、あの度重なる危機を乗り越えられた。 ※正解（C）。 名詞 belief( 信仰 ) に続くのは (C) の in 。 belief in 〜で「〜に対する信仰」という意味である。 10. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Only her belief ----- her religion carried her through the series of crises. (A) for (B) on (C) in (D) about 訳：彼女は宗教を信じていたおかげで、あの度重なる危機を乗り越えられた。 ※正解（C）。解説 名詞 belief( 信仰 ) に続くのは (C) の in 。 belief in 〜で「〜に対する信仰」という意味である。 11. Part VI; Error Recognition練習問題 That man (A)over there (B)in the dark gray suit (C)have always been (D)a thorn in my side. 訳：あそこにいる濃いグレーのスーツを着た男には、いつも悩まされている。 ※正解（C）。have always been → has always been。主語と動詞の呼応。(D) a thorn in a person's side (flesh)「心配のもと、苦労の種」 12. Part VI; Error Recognition練習問題 You (A)sure (B)pulled the wool (C)on my eyes that time, but (D)never again. 訳：あのとききみは僕をだましたね。でももう二度とするなよ。 ※正解（C）。on → over。(B) (C) pull the wool over a person's eyes「人の目をくらます、人をだます」 13. Part VI; Error Recognition練習問題 Harry, (A)my son, is the apple (B)of my eyes and (C)my hope for the future (D)of this company. 訳：息子のハリーは、目の中に入れても痛くないほどかわいくて、わたしは彼にこの社の将来を託そうと願っている。 ※正解（B）。of my eyes → of my eye。(B) the apple of my eye「非常に大切なもの(人)、(目の中に入れても痛くないほど)かわいい子(人)」 (2) TOEFL 1. 空所補充問題 The kukui tree of Hawaii derives its nickname, candlenut, ----- its fruit contains an oil that can be burned to generate light. (A) from the fact that (B) that from the fact (C) from that fact (D) the fact that from ※正解（A）。【解説】 derive 〜 from... で「〜は……に由来する」の意味になる。正解は(A)か(C)かだが、from that factでは次の文と繋がらない。 2. 空所補充問題 Not until Richard Wagner completed his Ring cycle of operas -----. (A) a composer had created musical drama on such a grand scale (B) had a composer created musical drama on such a grand scale (C) had created a composer musical drama on such a grand scale (D) a composer created musical drama on such a grand scale ※正解（B）。【解説】 否定語句Not untilが文頭に来ていることに注目。当然、この文では倒置が行われることになる。正解は(B)。本来の語順はa composer had created... だが、had a composer created... と倒置されている。 3. 空所補充問題 In cases ----- the regular prosecutor may have a conflict of interest, an official known as independent council can be appointed to carry out the investigation or prosecution. (A) which (B) where (C) that (D) there ※正解（B）。【解説】 casesは場合、状況を表しているので、whichやthatでは文が繋がらない。thereは問題外である。正解はin whichの働きをしている関係副詞のwhereである。conflict「衝突、対立」。 4. 空所補充問題 The economies of several of the most advanced industrial nations are ----- longer based primarily on heavy manufacturing. (A) not (B) nor (C) none (D) no ※正解（D）。【解説】 空所の後にlongerがあるので、すぐに答えが分かったのではないか。no longer... で「もはや……でない」の意味になる。 5. 空所補充問題 There are five regular polyhedrons, ----- solid figures with four or more identical surfaces called faces. (A) that are (B) those are (C) they are (D) which are ※正解（D）。【解説】 those are、they areを空所に入れるとBe動詞が重複してしまう。関係代名詞thatの前にカンマを使うことはできないので、(D) which areが正解。polyhedron「多面体」。 6. 正誤問題 The quality and (A)expressiveness of Winston Churchill's paintings inspired some critics (B)to regret that (C)their painting had to be interrupted by his career (D)as a statesman. ※正解(C)。【解説】 their → his。expressivenessは「表現力豊かなこと」という意味の名詞。inspire+人+to〜に問題はない。theirはWinston Churchillのことを指しているのでhisにしなくてはいけない。as「……として」は前置詞。 7. 正誤問題 Some wild pigs may travel (A)hundred of kilometers (B)through (C)forested mountain terrain in (D)search of suitable sources of food and water. ※正解(A)。【解説】 hundred → hundreds。「何百の、多くの」という意味を表すにはhundredsと複数形にする。前置詞 through、forested「森林におおわれた」、in search of... 「……を求めて」の用法に問題はない。 8. 正誤問題 New Delhi, (A)a national capital of India, is made (B)up of part of the city (C)and union (D)territory of Delhi. ※正解(A)。【解説】 a → the。New Delhiはインドの首都であるので、national capitalの前の冠詞はaではなくtheになる。 9. 正誤問題 Relatively (A)small is known about the hearing of large mammals (B)simply because laboratory experiments (C)on animal sound reception are (D)easier to conduct with small animals. ※正解(A)。【解説】 small → little。「……についてはほとんど知られていない」という意味を表すにはsmallをlittleにしなくてはいけない。simply because... 「単に……という理由である」、前置詞on、比較級easierの用法に問題はない。 10. 正誤問題 Astronomers are (A)intensely interested in globular clusters, large (B)groups of old stars that are (C)closely packed in a symmetrical, somewhat (D)spherically form. ※正解(D)。【解説】 spherically → spherical。interestedを修飾する副詞intensely、複数形groups、packedを修飾する副詞closelyの用法に問題はない。名詞formの前では副詞sphericallyは形容詞sphericalにする。globular「球状の」。 II.時事英文 Women Span Hurdles in World Politics (その7；全7回シリーズ) Many women's organizations are tapping the potential of younger generations of women, particularly in the United States. But Brown University's Jennifer Lawless says there is a more challenging task -- changing the way society defines gender roles. "Because we still have a very traditional division of labor -- both in this country and worldwide -- when we see greater equity on the work front, we are not necessarily seeing that same sense of parity or equity on the home front. And if you are going to be taking on a political career, for men that means taking on a political career," says Lawless. "For women, that means reconciling their professional lives with their home lives with their political careers. And it's a much more complicated and complex balancing of responsibilities." Most analysts agree that much needs to be done to level the political playing field between the genders and shine a spotlight on the difficulties women candidates face, even as they increase their share of top political positions across the globe. III - a. 雑知識
III-b. 英語のことわざ ◆Spare the rod and spoil the child◆ This proverb is for parents. It says that if you are not strict with your children, punishing them when they have done something wrong, they will grow up spoilt and over-indulged. "The rod" means the stick that used to be used to beat children when they did something wrong. As a punishment, this may sound a little extreme now, but here "rod" is used as a metaphor for strict discipline. III -c. 英語でどう言う？ やけどをする burn 【例文】Mika burned her hand on a hot frying pan. とげが刺さる get a thorn 【例文】I got a thorn in my finger. ごみが目に入る get a speck of dust in one's eye 【例文】It was so windy today that I got a speck of dust in my eye many times. (皮ふを)擦りむく skin 【例文】Mike fell down and skinned his knee while roller-skating. III-d 今週のイディオム shove (something) down (someone's) throat 物事を人に強引に押し付ける (force something upon someone) 意見や条件、提案などを相手の「のど(throat)に押し込む」という発想から、嫌いなものを無理やり食べさせるように物事を「押し付ける、のませる」という場合に使います。動詞はshoveのほか、force, thrust, ramなど、いずれも強制を意味する単語が用いられます。 We hope the government doesn't try to shove any new taxes down our throats. (政府が新たな税金を私たちに押し付けようとしないことを望みたいです) Jack always tries to force his opinions down my throat. (ジャックはいつも自分の意見を僕にのませようとする) I don't want you to shove your beliefs down my throat or force them onto my child. (あなたの信仰を私に押し付けてほしくないし、子どもに押し付けるのもやめてほしい) IV. Jokes a. Saltbeard the old pirate was telling stories of his adventures. "See this wooden legs? I got this when a shark attacked me on the high seas. I fought it off by myself and swam back to my ship." "See this hook where my hand should be? I got this dueling with my enemy Captain Slash. But I finished him off and then sailed my ship back to port one-handed." "What about your eye patch?" someone asked. "Argh, blame a seagull for that one." "A seagull poo-ing in your eye made you blind?" "Aye, in a way," said Saltbeard. "I went to wipe it off, but I hadn't gotten used to the hook yet." b. One day, my eight-year-old daughter, Julie, carelessly tripped and knocked over an antique vase, which shattered into pieces. My husband ushered her into a room. When my daughter came out, tears were streaming down her face. I asked her what her father said. She asked me whether she could leave out all the swear words, and I said she could. "Well then," Julie said, "he said nothing at all." c. Caitlyn, our four-year-old niece, lived on a farm and was watching her dad and the vet work with some cattle. When the vet's hat fell off, she helped pick it up but continued searching for something. Finally, she handed the bald vet his hat saying, "Here's your hat, but I couldn't find your hair." d. My neighbor asked me to babysit her three-year-old son, Matthew. He followed me to my bedroom as I set out clothes for an appointment later that day. As I put my arm into the leg of a pair of pantyhose to check for runs., Matthew asked, "What are those?" "Pantyhose," I replied. "Your mum wears them too." "Yes," he said after a pause, "but my mum wears them on her legs." run〔ストッキングなどの〕伝線 e. At the end of a meal at a Chinese restaurant I cracked open my fotune cookie and pulled out the message inside. Expecting wisdom and advice, I instead got this: "Ignore previous cookie." |