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資料No. ： NS070613
I-1 TOEIC, TOEFL練習問題 (1) TOEIC 1. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Everyone at the party was in a ＿＿＿＿＿ mood. (A) festive (B) fertile (C) furtive (D) furious 2. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Those kids have got to understand that their homework is an ＿＿＿＿＿. (A) obligate (B) obligation (C) obligator (D) oblige 3. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 The new lighting system in the studio ＿＿＿＿＿ very beautiful. (A) are (B) is (C) is being (D) were 4. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 These are the types of problems that ＿＿＿＿＿ eliminated before production begins. (A) need (B) need to be (C) needs to be (D) necessary to be 5. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Mr. Jericho --- for nearly thirty minutes when the client arrived. (A) Had been waiting (B) have been waiting (C) have waited (D) will have waited 6. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 It --- ten years since the two companies merged. (A) passed (B) has passed (C) is passed (DE) has been 7. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Come what …, the CEO will stick to the decision he has just made. (A) Can (B) may (C) could (D) has 8. Error Recognition練習問題 （A）This type of work is （B）very （C）tired for me （D）to do. 9. Error Recognition練習問題 Are （A）these the copies that （B）was sent （C）by special delivery （D）from the head office the other day? 10. Error Recognition練習問題 The cause of （A）most of the problems （B）that we （C）run into （D）are poor planning. 11. Error Recognition練習問題 If I (A)have gone (B)to the seminar, I (C)would take (D)a computer programming course. 12. Error Recognition練習問題 I (A)would feel better about (B)signing the contract if there (C)wouldn't be so (C)many unclear items in it. 13. Error Recognition練習問題 If (A)it had not been (B)on the supervisor's advice, he (C)might have failed to seal (D)the deal. (2) TOEFL 1. 空所補充問題 Professors often administer surprise quizzes in order to get ----- the importance of remaining prepared throughout the semester. (A) students to realize (B) students realized (C) to be realized by students (D) the realization that students 2. 空所補充問題 Critics call state lotteries a form of taxation on the poor because the publicity lavished ------ misleads consumers into believing their chances are better than they are. (A) on lucky enough people to win (B) people on those lucky winners (C) on those lucky enough to win (D) those lucky to win enough on 3. 空所補充問題 In ordinary conversation, we often use the terms "nuclear" and "atomic" interchangeably, even though "nuclear" is not always ----- "atomic". (A) as (B) the same as (C) similar (D) alike 4. 空所補充問題 A British engineering firm and its Indonesian counterparts ------ this bridge with more than enough strength and stability to withstand current traffic loads. (A) designs (B) are designing (C) to design (D) designing 5. 空所補充問題 Neither the Republicans nor the Democrats in Congress ------ to recommend new initiatives on current controversies just before presidential primaries. (A) was able (B) has the ability (C) is able to (D) find it easy 6. 正誤問題 The rate (A)which the keynote speaker (B)delivered his address was (C)so rapid that most of the people (D)listening could not understand what he was trying to say. 7. 正誤問題 Do not (A)place this sample (B)in direct sunlight, or expose it (C)to (D)extremely heat or moisture. 8. 正誤問題 One of the main (A)advantages of (B)shorter vehicles (C)are (D)their maneuverability. 9. 正誤問題 (A)Depending on (B)its individual fire safety policies, some apartment building management companies may require fire extinguishers to be placed inside elevators, (C)while others may have them placed outside elevator entrances (D)on each floor. 10. 正誤問題 A recent city council (A)vote approved the establishment (B)of a municipal fund to assist (C)on paying for renovation of the deteriorating (D)historic downtown area. I-2 TOEIC, TOEFL練習問題解答 (1) TOEIC 1. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Everyone at the party was in a ＿＿＿＿＿ mood. (A) festive (B) fertile (C) furtive (D) furious 訳：パーティーの全員がお祭りムードでした。 ※正解(A)。party での話だから、fury「怒り」から派生している語よりも、festival「祭り」に関連した語を選びたい。 2. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Those kids have got to understand that their homework is an ＿＿＿＿＿. (A) obligate (B) obligation (C) obligator (D) oblige 訳：あの子たちは宿題が義務であることを判らなければいけない。 ※正解(B)。「義務」という意味の名詞になるように語尾を考える。 3. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 The new lighting system in the studio ＿＿＿＿＿ very beautiful. (A) are (B) is (C) is being (D) were 訳：スタジオの新しい照明システムは大変に美しい。 ※正解(B)。主語の単複を考える。system が本主語で、単数形。それ以上は何も難しく考える必要はない。 4. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 These are the types of problems that ＿＿＿＿＿ eliminated before production begins. (A) need (B) need to be (C) needs to be (D) necessary to be 訳：これらが生産を開始する前に取り除かれなければならない問題の種類です。 ※正解(B)。関係代名詞 that の示すものは types で複数形であるから、（C）needs は続かない。eliminated「取り除かれる」と受け身のニュアンスであるので、前に be 動詞があると推測できる。 5. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Mr. Jericho --- for nearly thirty minutes when the client arrived. (B) Had been waiting (B) have been waiting (C) have waited (D) will have waited 訳：顧客が到着したとき、ジェリコ氏は30分近く待っていた。 ※正解(A)。when以下は過去のこと。(B)のhave been waitingと(C)のhave waitedは現在完了で、現在のことを表しているので不可。過去の時点を表すのは(A)の過去完了進行形で、過去の一時点までの継続される動作を表現している。 6. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 It --- ten years since the two companies merged. (A) passed (B) has passed (C) is passed (DE) has been 訳：2つの会社が合併してから10年がたつ。 ※正解(D)。sinceの中が過去形で、「それ以来ずっと〜」という意味になる。継続を表すのは現在完了の(B)と(D)だが、passは主語が期間を表す言葉でなくてはならない。この文ではTen years have passed …なら可。また、時間の経過を表すときに限って、It is ten years since …とItを主語にして現在形で表すことができる。 7. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題 Come what …, the CEO will stick to the decision he has just made. (B) Can (B) may (C) could (D) has 訳：どんなことがあっても、最高経営責任者は今下した決定をやり抜くつもりだ。 ※正解(B)。Come what may, …は命令法で譲歩を意味する表現。直訳は「何が来ようとも」。このまま熟語として覚えるのが得策だろう。他に命令法で譲歩の意味を表す例としては、Say what you will, …「君が何を言おうとも」、Be it ever so humble, …「どんなに粗末でも」などがある。 8. Error Recognition練習問題 （A）This type of work is （B）very （C）tired for me （D）to do. 訳：この手の仕事は自分には大変疲れる。 ※正解(C)。【文構造】for me to doは不定詞の副詞用法。forはto不定詞の意味上の主語を導入し「私がする」という関係。文全体のSはThis type of workだが、同時にこれはdoの論理上の目的語として意識され、「私がこの種の仕事をする」という関係が内包されている。この不定詞は先行する形容詞に補助的な限定を加える「方面指定の不定詞」という （The path is easy to find. → その道は見つけるという方面 （＝点） においてeasyだ → 見つけやすい）。 【着眼点】分詞形容詞 （tired） がSVCのCで出てきたら必ずSとの関係を確認。「仕事」は「疲労の経験者」ではない。tiredをtiringとする。 9. Error Recognition練習問題 Are （A）these the copies that （B）was sent （C）by special delivery （D）from the head office the other day? 訳：これが先日本社から速達便で送られてきた文書ですか。 ※正解(B)。【文構造】Are （V） these （S） #the copies# （C） ? "↑"（that were [×was] sent ... ） 【着眼点】関係代名詞節内でのS−Vの呼応を問う形。関係代名詞は｢代名詞｣機能を含むが、それ自体に単複の形態変化はないから決め手は常に先行詞 （the copies） ということになる。 10. Error Recognition練習問題 The cause of （A）most of the problems （B）that we （C）run into （D）are poor planning. 訳：我々が問題に突き当たるときは、ほとんどの場合立案のまずさが原因となっている。 ※正解(D)。【文構造】（The） #cause# （of most of #the problems#） V ... S "↑"（that we run into） 【落し穴】S（cause＝単数名詞）とVとの間に前置詞句と関係代名詞節を介在させている。前置詞句内に複数名詞 （problems） を配置するのはほぼ定石。節はそれ自体SとVを含む （＝文中の文） ので複雑度が増す。 【着眼点】動詞に下線 → 主語を特定 （複数動詞の近くに複数名詞があったらむしろ疑ってかかるぐらいでちょうどよい）。most ofの後のtheは必須。 11. Error Recognition練習問題 If I (A)have gone (B)to the seminar, I (C)would take (D)a computer programming course. 訳：もしセミナーに行ったら、私はコンピュータ・プログラミングの講座を取るだろう。 ※正解(A)。have gone → go [went]。(A)と(C)は条件節と帰結節の動詞部分だが、内容からif節の現在完了は不自然。wouldを推定の婉曲用法と考えると、if節は直説法でif I go to …だし、wouldを仮定法過去と考えるとif節は仮定法過去でIf I went to …となる。 12. Error Recognition練習問題 I (A)would feel better about (B)signing the contract if there (C)wouldn't be so (C)many unclear items in it. 訳：もしそんなにたくさんの不明瞭な項目がなければ、契約書にサインをするのはもっと気分がよいだろう。 ※正解(C)。wouldn't be → were not。帰結節がwould feelで仮定法過去なので、ifの条件節でもそれに合わせて仮定法過去か仮定法過去完了にしなければならない。 13. Error Recognition練習問題 If (A)it had not been (B)on the supervisor's advice, he (C)might have failed to seal (D)the deal. 訳：もし監督者の忠告がなかったら、彼は取引を成立させるのに失敗していたかもしれない。 ※正解(B)。on the supervisor's advice → for the supervisor's advice。時制は条件節、帰結節ともに仮定法過去完了で誤りはない。仮定法過去完了で「〜がなかったならば」はIf it had not been for ~で表すことができる。 (2) TOEFL 1. 空所補充問題 Professors often administer surprise quizzes in order to get ----- the importance of remaining prepared throughout the semester. (A) students to realize (B) students realized (C) to be realized by students (D) the realization that students ※正解(A)。getには使役用法がある。その場合には、「get+人+to動詞」の形になる。これに該当するのはstudents to realizeである。students realizedではrealizedの働きが文法的でない。残りの選択肢ではstudentsの後に名詞the importanceが続くことになり文として成り立たない。 2. 空所補充問題 Critics call state lotteries a form of taxation on the poor because the publicity lavished ------ misleads consumers into believing their chances are better than they are. (A) on lucky enough people to win (B) people on those lucky winners (C) on those lucky enough to win (D) those lucky to win enough on ※正解(C)。the publicity lavishedとその後に続く空所の部分を合わせた意味は「幸運にも宝くじに当たった人に世間の注目が集まるので」になる。この意味になるのはon those (who were) lucky enough to winである。who wereが省略されている点に注意。publicity「世間の注目」。問題文では、lavish ... on〜「〜に ... を惜しまずに与える」が受け身で用いられている。 3. 空所補充問題 In ordinary conversation, we often use the terms "nuclear" and "atomic" interchangeably, even though "nuclear" is not always ----- "atomic". (A) as (B) the same as (C) similar (D) alike ※正解(B)。「同じ」という意味を表すにはどの語を使えばいいか。正解はthe same asである。similarの場合には、その後に前置詞toが必要となる。alikeは名詞の前には置けない。（例）Those two are much alike.「その２つはとても似ている」。 4. 空所補充問題 A British engineering firm and its Indonesian counterparts ------ this bridge with more than enough strength and stability to withstand current traffic loads. (A) designs (B) are designing (C) to design (D) designing ※正解(B)。andを挟んで名詞句が２つ並んでいる。それを動詞designsでは受けられない。空所には動詞が入ることになるので、to designとdesigningは不可。正解はare designingである。 5. 空所補充問題 Neither the Republicans nor the Democrats in Congress ------ to recommend new initiatives on current controversies just before presidential primaries. (A) was able (B) has the ability (C) is able to (D) find it easy ※正解(D)。the Republicans、the Democrats両者とも複数形になっていることがポイント。was able、has the ability、is able toはどれも複数形の主語の後には使えない。したがって、find it easyが正解となる。 6. 正誤問題 The rate (A)which the keynote speaker (B)delivered his address was (C)so rapid that most of the people (D)listening could not understand what he was trying to say. ※正解(A)。which → at which。関係代名詞whichは前のThe rate「速度」にかかっているが、前置詞atを付け足して、at whichにしなければ修飾関係が成り立たない。deliver「（演説などを）する」。so rapid ... はso ... that構文である。listeningの前にはwho wereが略されている。 7. 正誤問題 Do not (A)place this sample (B)in direct sunlight, or expose it (C)to (D)extremely heat or moisture. ※正解(D)。extremely → extreme。placeは動詞で「置く」の意味。in direct sunlight「直射日光に」、expose ... to 〜「... を〜に晒す」。heat「熱」は名詞。したがって、extremelyは形容詞extreme「極度の」にしなくてはいけない。 8. 正誤問題 One of the main (A)advantages of (B)shorter vehicles (C)are (D)their maneuverability. ※正解(C)。are → is。呼応に関する基本問題である。areは文頭のoneを受けているのでisにしなければならない。maneuverability「操縦しやすさ」。 9. 正誤問題 (A)Depending on (B)its individual fire safety policies, some apartment building management companies may require fire extinguishers to be placed inside elevators, (C)while others may have them placed outside elevator entrances (D)on each floor. ※正解(B)。its → their。Depending on ... は「... によって、次第で（分詞構文）」の意味。itsは後に出てくるsome ... companiesとothersを受けている。したがって、itsではなくtheirになる。while「... の一方で」と前置詞onの用法に問題はない。 10. 正誤問題 A recent city council (A)vote approved the establishment (B)of a municipal fund to assist (C)on paying for renovation of the deteriorating (D)historic downtown area. ※正解(C)。on → in。voteは名詞で「投票」の意味。前置詞ofに問題はない。assistの後に来る前置詞はonではなくinである。historic「歴史的に有名な」。 II.時事英文 中国語の勉強はいかが？Time to learn Mandarin? (その4：全7回シリーズ) The first question is: Isn't Chinese difficult? That, to me, is a real mind-boggling question. I think learning Chinese might be challenging, it might take time (I have been at it for two years and can now say "My wife wants a beer.") but I simply can't buy "difficult." There are just things that have to be done, like in any other language. Things like learning the sounds, learning the grammar, learning vocabulary and finally learning the writing system. In all of these, with Chinese, you get some complexity, and a few breaks. Grammar and syntax for one. Look up the French verb "to go" and see what you have to learn, then check out the Chinese word for "to go," which is "chu" -- that's it. mind-boggling 信じられない challenging 難しい have been at 〜 〜に取り組んでいる simply can't buy 〜 どうしても〜に賛成できない get some complexity 難しいところがいくつかある breaks 簡単なところ syntax 構文 for one 一例を挙げれば Look up 〜 〜を辞書で調べる that's it それだけだ（中国語には格変化がない、ということ） III - a. 雑知識
III-b. 英語のことわざ ◆Death is the great leveler◆ "Leveler" here means "equalizer" or "something that makes everyone equal." So everyone is equal after death. The wealthiest man and the poorest man both end up the same after they die. III -c. 英語の新語 ◆ Furkid◆ Many people treat pets like they are their own children, particularly people who do not have children. To them, a dog can be like a son or a daughter. These people often do not like the word pet, because it suggests a master-servant relationship. It also suggests that the animal is only a possession. So instead pets are called furkids, furchildren or furbabies. Another common term for pet is animal companion or just companion. The owner is often referred to as an animal guardian, or just guardian. III-d. 英語のフレーズ ◆ Life is to be spent, not saved.◆ （人生は使うものであって、貯めておくものではない） III-e. 今週のイディオム rattle someone's cage 人を怒らせる、むっとさせる (annoy or irritate someone) cage (おり)に入って寝ている動物を、外からガタガタと揺さぶる(rattle)と興奮して怒り出す様子から生まれた表現。批判をしたり悪口を言ったりすることで、人の気分を害したり困惑させる場合に使います。 The boss tried to rattle my cage with his criticism, but I ignored him. (上司は批判することで私を怒らせようとしたが、私は無視した) Don't let your ex-wife rattle your cage, Harry. It's all in the past now. (ハリー、前の奥さんのことでイライラするのはやめろよ。今となってはすべて過去のことなんだから) IV. Jokes a. In the US, buses have a sign saying, "Don't speak to driver." In England: "You are graciously requested to refrain from speaking to the driver." In Germany: "It is strictly forbidden for passengers to speak to the driver." And in Italy: "Don't answer the driver." b. Two men are admitted to the hospital. Too weak to speak, they sleep for days. After two weeks, the first man gets the strength to point to himself and say, "American." His roommate says, "Canadian." Exhausted, they pass out. Two weeks later, the American summons the strength to speak again. "Shawn," he says in a frail voice. "Dave," his roommate squeaks. They both fall back into a deep sleep. Two weekis later, Shawn rouses himself enough to speak. "Cancer." he says. Dave clears his throat and says, "Sagittarius." pass out 意識を失う Cancer がん、 《星座》カニ座 Sagittarius 《星座》射手座 c. Man to his wife: "The bad news is that we owe $100,000 in university loans for the kids, a month's salary in back taxes, and our retirement fund isd sinking." Wife: "What's the good news?" Husband: "Our identity has been stolen." sinking 徐々に下がる、減る identity 身元証明書 d. "Who killed Abraham Lincoln?" the teacher asked her Year Seven students. Everyone but John raised a hand to answer. "Do you know, John?" she asked. "Dammit, I don't know and I don't care!" the boy yelled, arms crossed. "Stop asking me stupid questions." Upset, the teacher kept John after class and called his father for a conference. "What's the problem?" John's dad asked when he arrived. "Why is my son in detention?" "I asked John who killed Abe Lincoln and he cursed and said he didn't know and didn't care, and told me to stop asking him questions," she said. Furious with his son, the man grabbed John by the collar. "What's your problem, son?" he shouted. "If you killed the man, just say so." in detention (放課後)残される furious 激怒した、怒り狂った |