資料No. : NS140702 

I-1 TOEIC, TOEFL練習問題
(1) TOEIC
'1. You can call this number for assistance from the security firm in case of -------.
(A) bankruptcy (B) depression (C) emergency (D) satisfaction

'2. The new government is planning to ban companies ------- selling their products below cost.
(A) for  (B) from  (C) of  (D) over

'3. The Department of Natural Resources is committed to investigating citizen reports of illegal ------- of solid waste.
(A) destroying  (B) dumping  (C) spending  (D) throwing

(2) TOEFL
'1. Originally considered to be primarily a subfield of medicine, veterinary science ----- into a broader, interdisciplinary field.
(A) has more recently developed (B) to more recently develop
(C) more recently development (D) of more recently developing

'2. The random nature of genetic mutations provides a functionally neutral series of changes which are sorted out ----- the non-random process of natural selection.
(A) in accordance (B) according (C) according to (D) of accord

'3. The United Nations was formed in hopes that it would help prevent further ----- by providing a universal forum for the resolution of international disputes.
(A) world warring (B) the world war (C) a world war (D) world wars

'4. Atmospheric precipitation can take many forms, the most common being -----, snow, sleet and hail.
(A) raining (B) to rain (C) rain (D) rained

'5. Many trees have developed the capacity to store water in their leaves when the air is moist and ----- it during drier periods to increase the humidity of the surrounding soil and air.
(A) releasing (B) released (C) release (D) would release

'6. Ornamental diamonds are sorted and graded (A)for value according to several basic (B)criteria: weight, cut, (C)clarity, and the (D)present or absence of blemishes.

'7. (A)As a general rule, the information processing capacity of computers of a (B)given size (C)it doubles every year (D)or so.

'8. Some scientists believe that the subjective perception of a (A)child's "cuteness" is a psychological response that evolved to help (B)support the (C)relative long child rearing period (D)among primates.

'9. Some (A)theorists believe (B)that monotheistic (C)religions developed out of polytheistic (D)believing.

'10. It took billions of years (A)for life to emerge on (B)earth, but the process of evolution (C)produced that intelligent life was, relatively speaking, (D)virtually instantaneous.

I-2 TOEIC, TOEFL 練習問題解答
(1) TOEIC
'1. You can call this number for assistance from the security firm in case of -------.
(A) bankruptcy (B) depression (C) emergency (D) satisfaction
訳 この番号に電話すれば、緊急時に警備会社の対処を受けられる。
※正解(C)。解説 in case of ...のかたちで「…の場合に」の意味を表します。これに続く語として文意に合致するものを選択します。security firm(警備会社)というフレーズがあることから、emergency(緊急事態)が適当です。

'2. The new government is planning to ban companies ------- selling their products below cost.
(A) for  (B) from  (C) of  (D) over
訳 新政府が禁止しようとしているのは、企業が原価を下回る価格で自社製品を販売することだ。
※正解(B)。解説 他動詞banの語法が問われています。banはban X from Yのかたちを採り、「XがYすることを禁じる」という意味を表します。

'3. The Department of Natural Resources is committed to investigating citizen reports of illegal ------- of solid waste.
(A) destroying  (B) dumping  (C) spending  (D) throwing
訳 自然資源局が力を入れていて調査しているのは、ごみの不法投棄に関する市民からの報告だ。
※正解(B)。解説 直前のillegal(不法な)と直後のof solid waste(固形廃棄物の)の両方に修飾される語として選択肢の中で最もふさわしいのは、dumping(投棄)です。

(2) TOEFL
'1. Originally considered to be primarily a subfield of medicine, veterinary science ----- into a broader, interdisciplinary field.
(A) has more recently developed (B) to more recently develop
(C) more recently development (D) of more recently developing
※正解(A)。【解説】 Originally considered ... は分詞構文。veterinary science「獣医学」が この文の主語で、空所には動詞が入ることになる。正解はhas more recently developedである。

'2. The random nature of genetic mutations provides a functionally neutral series of changes which are sorted out ----- the non-random process of natural selection.
(A) in accordance (B) according (C) according to (D) of accord
※正解(C)。【解説】 空所には「... にしたがって」の意味を表す語句が入ることになる。in accordanceの場合には前置詞withが必要になる。正解はaccording toである。

'3. The United Nations was formed in hopes that it would help prevent further ----- by providing a universal forum for the resolution of international disputes.
(A) world warring (B) the world war (C) a world war (D) world wars
※正解(D)。【解説】 空所の前に形容詞furtherがあることから、the world warとa world warが 使えないことはすぐに分かるだろう。warringは「敵対する、戦争している」という 意味の形容詞である。したがって、正解はworld warsになる。

'4. Atmospheric precipitation can take many forms, the most common being -----, snow, sleet and hail.
(A) raining (B) to rain (C) rain (D) rained
※正解(C)。【解説】 空所の後に名詞snow、sleet「みぞれ」、hail「ひょう」が並んでいること からrainが正解であることが分かる。the most common being ... (分詞構文)は and the most common are ... と同じ働きをしている。

'5. Many trees have developed the capacity to store water in their leaves when the air is moist and ----- it during drier periods to increase the humidity of the surrounding soil and air.
(A) releasing (B) released (C) release (D) would release
※正解(C)。【解説】 空所の主語はMany treesで、この文は現在形。このことから正解が releaseであることが分かる。

'6. Ornamental diamonds are sorted and graded (A)for value according to several basic (B)criteria: weight, cut, (C)clarity, and the (D)present or absence of blemishes.
※正解(D)。【解説】 present → presence。 前置詞for、criteria「基準(複数形)」、clarity「透明さ(名詞)」の用 法に誤りはない。presentでは次に続くabsenceとの意味がつながらない。ここは presence「存在」にしなければならない。

'7. (A)As a general rule, the information processing capacity of computers of a (B)given size (C)it doubles every year (D)or so.
※正解(C)。【解説】 itを取る。 As a general ruleは「通則、慣例として」、givenは「一定の」という意 味。この文の主語はthe information ... size、動詞がdoublesである。itが余分だ ったのである。or soは「... ほど」の意。

'8. Some scientists believe that the subjective perception of a (A)child's "cuteness" is a psychological response that evolved to help (B)support the (C)relative long child rearing period (D)among primates.
※正解(C)。【解説】 relative → relatively。 所有格child'sに問題はない。helpの後に来る不定詞はよく省略される。 relativeはlongを修飾しているので、ここは副詞relativelyを用いなければならな い。前置詞among「... の中で」の用法に誤りはない。

'9. Some (A)theorists believe (B)that monotheistic (C)religions developed out of polytheistic (D)believing.
※正解(D)。【解説】 believing → beliefs。 theorists「理論家」、接続詞that、religions「宗教(可算名詞)」に誤り はない。形容詞polytheistic「多宗教の」後には動名詞ではなくbelieveの名詞形 beliefsを用いなくてはいけない。

'10. It took billions of years (A)for life to emerge on (B)earth, but the process of evolution (C)produced that intelligent life was, relatively speaking, (D)virtually instantaneous.
※正解(C)。【解説】 produced that → that produced。 for lifeは次に来る不定詞to以下の主語。on earthで「地球上で」の意味に なる。produced thatの語順に注意してほしい。このままでは文が繋がらない。that producedにすればいい。virtuallyは形容詞instantaneousを修飾する副詞である。


II. 時事英文
Friday, June 27, 2014
Quasi-legal drugs present difficult target for police
One woman was killed and seven people were injured in Ikebukuro, Tokyo, on Tuesday in an incident that was strongly suspected to have been caused by a driver under the influence of quasi-legal drugs.

イラク・シリアのイスラム国 [ISIS(スンニ派)]

Saturday, June 28, 2014/06/28 Iraqi Shiites pushing for Maliki's removal
BAGHDAD 8AP) - Prominent Shiite pushed Thursday for the removal of Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki as prepared to start work next week on putting together a new government, under intense U.S. pressure to rapidly form a united front against an unrelenting Sunni insurgent onslaught.

III - a. Vocabulary
1. 「河野談話検証」関連
浮き彫りになる come to the fore
明らかになる shed light on
甘言 coaxing
核心 main issue of contention
慰安所 comfort station
政治的妥協 political compromise
強制連行(される) be forcefully taken away
罪 transgrssion
検証 verification
有効な反論 effective counterargument

2. 「諫早湾開門問題」関連
干拓 land reclamation
制裁金 penalty fine
堤防排水門 floodgates at a dike
相反する contrary
冷静に with cool heads
根深い対立 deep-rooted antagonism
〜するのも無理はない have every reason to ...
利害を調整する coordinate conflicting interest
話し合いの席に着く sit at the negotiating table
政治力を発揮する exercise one's political muscle

III -b. ABCニュースから
ABCニュースは、最新の調査によると、乳がん検査において3Dマンモグラフィーと呼ばれる新しい装置が役立っていると伝えています。
The study finds they increase early detection by 29%.
「調査によると、この装置は乳がんの早期発見を29%増やす」。
キーワードは、early detection「早期発見」。
detectで「見つける、検出する」。
diagnoseで「診断する」。
false positiveは「間違った陽性の判断」つまり誤ってがんの疑いがあると判定されること。

ABCニュースは、この装置は数多くのcross section「断面」の画像を連続して撮影することができると伝えています。
今回のキーワードは、early detection「早期発見」です。

[例文]
A new and improved weapon against cancer.
がんと戦うための新兵器
While typical mammograms take one single crowded image, 3D mammograms take multiple rapid-fire pictures allowing doctors to focus on individual cross sections like turning pages of a book identifying tumors like this one that could have been missed.
従来と違い 3Dマンモグラフィーは細かく複数の画像を撮影する本のページをめくるように目的の断面に到達し-見つけにくい腫瘍も発見できる
The study finds they increase early detection by 29%,
これによって早期発見が29%増加し-
decrease the number of stressful false positives, and fewer women have to go back for repeat screenings.
誤判定や再検査を減らすこともできるという
How significant is a development like this when it comes to diagnosing breast cancer?
乳がんの診断においてどんな意味が?
Anything that we can do to pick up cancers that are smaller and at an earlier stage is a huge improvement.
より小さな初期のがんを検出できる点で大きな進歩と言えます

IV. Jokes
'a. Clicking Into Place
"Everything's starting to click for me!" said my father-in-law at dinner. "My knees, my elbows, my neck … "

'b. Teeth Cleaning
The sight of my mother cleaning her dentures fascinated my young son. He sat riveted as she carefully took them out, brushed and rinsed them, and then popped them back in. "Cool, Grandma!" he said. "Now take off your arm."

'c. Special Karaoke
At the restaurant, a sign read "Karaoke Tonight!" Grandma studied it before asking, "What kind of fish is that?"



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