資料No. : NS100120  

I-1 TOEIC, TOEFL練習問題
(1) TOEIC
1. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題
Floods cause _______ amounting to hundreds of millions of dollars every year, as well as the loss of many lives.
(A) damaging (B) to damage (C) damaged (D) damage

2. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題
A Hamburg-bound passenger train derailed June 3 in northern Germany, killing over 100 people and seriously _______ 200.
(A) injuring (B) injured (C) to injure (D) being injured

3. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題
Walking in single file behind their teacher as she crossed the street _______ several elementary school students.
(A) is (B) are (C) were (D) has been

4. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題
From the top of the Eiffel Tower _______ the whole city of Paris.
(A) can see (B) can be seen (C) can be seeing (D) can have seen

5. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題
At no time _______ serious about his studies.
(A) was John ever (B) was John never (C) when John was not (D) where John was ever

6. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題
When you have finished the book, _______ put it back on the shelf.
(A) don't fail to (B) don't avoid to (C) never miss to (D) please fail not to

7. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題
He _______ speak the language, let alone read or write it.
(A) hardly (B) can't hard (C) can hardly (D) can't hardly

(2) TOEFL
1. 空所補充問題
Humans appear ----- the first organisms on earth, and perhaps in the entire universe, capable of pondering the meaning of their own existence.
(A) are (B) be (C) being (D) to be

2. 空所補充問題
Untreated, natural wheat flour is usually composed ----- about one percent sugar.
(A) of (B) to (C) for (D) in

3. 空所補充問題
The vast ----- of known cultures celebrate the commencement of the New Year with festivals that include jubilation over the symbolic renewal of life.
(A) majority (B) many (C) most (D) much

4. 空所補充問題
The French Revolution was a violent and ----- movement that tore through France between 1787 and 1799 and reached its first climax there in 1789.
(A) chaos (B) chaotically (C) chaotic (D) more chaos

5. 空所補充問題
In 1949, Canada was the world's ----- trading nation.
(A) three greater (B) third greatly (C) three great (D) third greatest

6. 正誤問題
Lip reading, (A)or speech reading, is a technique (B)by which hearing impaired people infer (C)that is (D)being said by the visible movement of the mouth and face.

7. 正誤問題
(A)Many plants obtain nourishment by capturing insects and sometimes small mammals, (B)usual with the use of specialized leaves (C)that function (D)as traps.

8. 正誤問題
(A)The Nobel Prize (B)for chemistry was awarded for Fritz Pregl in 1923 for the Austrian (C)chemist's invention of a method of microscopically (D)analyzing organic substances.

9. 正誤問題
Genetic technology is (A)used in the brewing industry as a (B)mean of obtaining strains of yeast that (C)produce alcohol more (D)efficiently than other strains.

10. 正誤問題
After (A)serving (B)for 30 years as a maximum security federal facility for dangerous criminals, the prison (C)on Alcatraz island in San Francisco Bay was (D)close in the 1960s.

I-2 TOEIC, TOEFL練習問題解答
(1) TOEIC
1. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題
Floods cause _______ amounting to hundreds of millions of dollars every year, as well as the loss of many lives.
(A) damaging (B) to damage (C) damaged (D) damage
訳:洪水は毎年、多くの人命の損失と同様に、何億ドルにものぼる損害をもたらしている。
※正解(D)。【着眼点】A as well as B「Bと同様にAも」という相関表現に注意して、形の並行性に努める。Bにあたるのはthe loss of many livesという名詞句。したがって、問題となる箇所も名詞句になる。なお、causeはここでは「〜を招く、〜の原因となる」という動詞で、問題の箇所はその目的語であることにも注意する。
【選択肢】(A) (B)とも名詞の働きはできるが、直後のamountingにも注意して、ここではずばり(D)を選ぶ。

2. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題
A Hamburg-bound passenger train derailed June 3 in northern Germany, killing over 100 people and seriously _______ 200.
(A) injuring (B) injured (C) to injure (D) being injured
訳:6月3日、ドイツ北部でハンブルク行きの客車が脱線し、100人以上が死亡して200人が重傷を負った。
※正解(A)。【着眼点】問題となる箇所はkilling over 100 people 「100人以上が死亡し」という分詞構文に並列することに注意。なおkillも他動詞であるが、injureも「〜を傷つける」という意味の他動詞であり、200「200人」が目的語となっている。
【選択肢】200が目的語にあり、(D)のように受け身にするのは誤り。

3. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題
Walking in single file behind their teacher as she crossed the street _______ several elementary school students.
(A) is (B) are (C) were (D) has been
訳:通りを渡る先生の後から1列に並んで歩いていくのは、何人かの小学生たちだった。
※正解(C)。【着眼点】分詞 (Walking) とその分詞が引き連れる長い要素が前置された倒置構文。まずは空所の後が主語名詞句であり、かつ複数(several ... students)であることを押さえれば (A) のisと (D) のhas beenが消える。(B) と (C) の違いは時制だが、落ち着いて読み返せばas she crossedが目に止まるはず。asは時の接続詞。their(後方照応)はstudentsを指す。

4. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題
From the top of the Eiffel Tower _______ the whole city of Paris.
(A) can see (B) can be seen (C) can be seeing (D) can have seen
訳:エッフェル塔の一番上からはパリ全体が眺められる。
※正解(B)。【着眼点】From the top of the Eiffel Towerは場所の副詞句で、空所の後には動詞がなく、かつ選択肢はすべて動詞がらみとなれば当然倒置構文。ただ、この場合はseeが他動詞であるという点がひねりがきいている。「副詞句−他動詞−主語名詞句」がすべての要素で、目的語に当たるものがないのだから動詞は受け身で用いるしかない。the city of Parisは見られる側。

5. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題
At no time _______ serious about his studies.
(A) was John ever (B) was John never (C) when John was not (D) where John was ever
訳:ジョンは1度も勉強に真剣に取り組んだためしがない。
※正解(A)。【着眼点】文頭のAt no timeは「決して〜ない」の意の熟語で、主語と述語動詞の結びつきを否定する。選択肢の中でV (was) −S (John) のように倒置が起こっているのは (A) と (B) だが、(B) のほうはneverに問題がある。否定の表現を二重に用いるのは非標準であり、TOEICでは不可。everは否定文で用いられて「これまでに1度も…ない」の意を表す。

6. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題
When you have finished the book, _______ put it back on the shelf.
(A) don't fail to (B) don't avoid to (C) never miss to (D) please fail not to
訳:その本を読み終えたら、必ず書棚に戻しておいてください。
※正解(A)。【着眼点】否定の意味を表す慣用表現の問題。avoid や miss は to 不定詞を目的語にとることはない(動名詞はとる)ので、形を見た段階で候補からはずれる。問題は (A) と (D) だが、fail to 〜 (不注意などから〜しない)の場合、to 以下を否定の対象にすることはできない点に注意( → × He failed not to come.)。ということで (A) の don't fail to 〜(〜しそこなうな=必ず〜せよ)が正解。要するに、fail to の否定は「〜しないことはない」の意味で、結局「必ず〜する」という肯定的表現となるわけである。

7. Part V; Incomplete Sentence練習問題
He _______ speak the language, let alone read or write it.
(A) hardly (B) can't hard (C) can hardly (D) can't hardly
訳:彼は言葉を話すのもままならない。ましてや読んだり書いたりできないのは言うまでもない。
※正解(C)。【着眼点】let alone ... は「ましてや…でないのは言うまでもない」の意で、否定文を受けて用いられる熟語。したがって、He ... language の部分が正しい否定文になるように選択肢を検討すればよい。正解は can hardly (speak) (=ほとんど話せない)となる。
【選択肢】speak の主語は He(3人称・単数)であり、副詞だけの挿入では依然として呼応に問題があるため (A) は不可。(B) の hard(一生懸命に)は意味の面でも、位置の面でも不可( → hard は動詞の後にくる)。(D) は否定語の hardly にさらに can't がついた二重否定で不可。

(2) TOEFL
1. 空所補充問題
Humans appear ----- the first organisms on earth, and perhaps in the entire universe, capable of pondering the meaning of their own existence.
(A) are (B) be (C) being (D) to be
※正解(D)。【解説】 動詞appearの後に直接are、beを続けることはできない。appear being ... という言い方はしない。appear to be... で「……のように見える」という意味になる。

2. 空所補充問題
Untreated, natural wheat flour is usually composed ----- about one percent sugar.
(A) of (B) to (C) for (D) in
※正解(A)。【解説】 be composedの後に来る前置詞は? ofを続けて「……からなる、構成される」の意味になる。

3. 空所補充問題
The vast ----- of known cultures celebrate the commencement of the New Year with festivals that include jubilation over the symbolic renewal of life.
(A) majority (B) many (C) most (D) much
※正解(A)。【解説】 空所の前に形容詞vastがある点に注意。The vast majority of... で「……の大部分は」という意味になるので、正解は(A)。commencement「開始、始まり」、jubilation「歓喜」。

4. 空所補充問題
The French Revolution was a violent and ----- movement that tore through France between 1787 and 1799 and reached its first climax there in 1789.
(A) chaos (B) chaotically (C) chaotic (D) more chaos
※正解(C)。【解説】 空所の前に形容詞violent、後に名詞movementがあることから、空所には形容詞が入ると考えられる。したがって、(C) chaotic「無秩序な、混沌とした」が正解。

5. 空所補充問題
In 1949, Canada was the world's ----- trading nation.
(A) three greater (B) third greatly (C) three great (D) third greatest
※正解(D)。【解説】 「世界第3位の貿易国」という意味にするには、序数と最上級の組み合わthird greatestを用いる。

6. 正誤問題
Lip reading, (A)or speech reading, is a technique (B)by which hearing impaired people infer (C)that is (D)being said by the visible movement of the mouth and face.
※正解(C)。【解説】 that → what。orと前置詞+関係代名詞by whichに問題はない。thatのままではis being... 以下の主語がないことになる。thatではなくwhatを使えばその問題が解決する。being said by... は受け身の進行形。lip reading「読唇術」。

7. 正誤問題
(A)Many plants obtain nourishment by capturing insects and sometimes small mammals, (B)usual with the use of specialized leaves (C)that function (D)as traps.
※正解(B)。【解説】 usual → usually。この文の主語であるMany plantsに問題はない。usual with the use of... は「大抵は……を使って」という意味になるはずである。ここは形容詞ではなく副詞usuallyを用いる。thatは関係代名詞、asは「……として」という意味の前置詞。nourishment「栄養」。

8. 正誤問題
(A)The Nobel Prize (B)for chemistry was awarded for Fritz Pregl in 1923 for the Austrian (C)chemist's invention of a method of microscopically (D)analyzing organic substances.
※正解(B)。【解説】 for → to。Nobel Prizeの前の冠詞Theに問題はない。「 ……に与えられる」はbe awarded to... なのでforが誤り。the Austrian chemist's inventionで「オーストリア人化学者のあ発明」の意味。analyzingはthat analyzesの働きをしている。

9. 正誤問題
Genetic technology is (A)used in the brewing industry as a (B)mean of obtaining strains of yeast that (C)produce alcohol more (D)efficiently than other strains.
※正解(B)。【解説】 mean → means。be used in... 「……において使われている」。「……の手段として」という意味にするにはas a mean of... のmeanをmeans「手段、方法(単数扱い)」にしなくてはいけない。produceは前のstrainsに呼応している。副詞efficientlyに問題はない。genetic「遺伝子の」。

10. 正誤問題
After (A)serving (B)for 30 years as a maximum security federal facility for dangerous criminals, the prison (C)on Alcatraz island in San Francisco Bay was (D)close in the 1960s.
※正解(D)。【解説】 close → closed。前置詞Afterの後の動名詞serving、前置詞for、onの用法に問題はない。closeをclosed「閉鎖される」にしなければ意味が通らない。

II.時事英文
Helen Keller (その6;全12回シリーズ)
This continued for half an hour or so. Then she got up from the floor and came to find out what I was doing. Suddenly she hit me. Every time she did this I hit her hand. After a few minutes of this, she went to her place at the table and began to eat with her fingers. I gave her a spoon to eat with. She threw it on the floor. I forced her to get out of her chair to pick the spoon up. At last, after two hours, she sat down and ate like other people. I had to teach her to obey.

But it was painful to her family to see their deaf and blind child punished. So I asked them to let me move with Helen into a small one-room house nearby. The first day Helen was away from her family she kicked and screamed most of the time. That night I could not make her get into bed. We struggled, but I held her down on the bed. Luckily, I was stronger than she. The next morning I expected more of the same, but to my surprise she was calm, even peaceful.

III - a. 雑知識
1.

dog(犬)には動詞で、問題などが「〜を悩ませ(苦しめ)続ける」の意味がある。鳩山由紀夫首相の資金管理団体をめぐる偽装献金問題が、9月に発足したばかりの鳩山政権を悩ませている。ヘラルド朝日の記事が、The improperly reported political donations have dogged Hatoyama's fledgling government. と伝えた。
2.

door(ドア)とbuster(破壊する人)が合体したdoorbuster は客を引き付けるための数量限定の「激安商品」の意味。Deeply discounted, limited-quantity merchandise, known as doorbusters, is essential in luring consumers to stores. は、顧客を店に引き入れるためには激安表品が不可欠であることを述べたヘラルド朝日の記事から。
3.

cabbie はcabdriver(タクシーの運転手)を意味する口語。イタリアの首都ローマのタクシー会社が、ぼったくりなどで悪名高い同市のタクシーを改善しようと新たな試みを始めたという。Reuters 通信の記事が、Rome's largest taxi cooperative is trying to improve the bad name of the city's cabbies. と伝えていた。
4.

share(〜を共有する)には、秘密や情報を「伝える」の意味がある。ビル・クリントン元米大統領とヒラリー・クリントン米国務長官夫妻の一人娘チェルシーさんが、長年のボーイフレンドと婚約した。 "... we also wanted to share that we are engaged!" は、ヘラルド朝日に掲載された婚約を伝える友人あてのメール文の一部。
5.

pinch には「財政的に切り詰める」の意味があり、penny-pinching(1ペンスでも切り詰める)=「けちな、節約している」。米国では感謝祭を利用して旅行に出かける際、航空運賃の安い早期出発を選択する人が増えたという。ヘラルド朝日の記事が、Many penny-pinching travelers booked earlier, and less expensive, flights. と伝えていた。
6.

have one's back against the wall は、壁を背にして戦うことから「追い詰められる」の意味。トヨタ自動車はフロアマットの不具合が原因で、米国で史上最大規模のリコールに踏み切った。米国の経済アナリストがヘラルド朝日の記事の中で、"Clearly Toyota has its back against the wall like it never has before." と述べていた。
7.

jam は機械の可動部分を「動かなくさせる」の意味がある。The loose floor mats are suspected of jamming the accelerator in certain cars. は、フロアマットがずれて、アクセルペダルが踏まれたままになる恐れがある問題を受け、トヨタ自動車が米国で実施するリコールに関する Reuters 通信の記事から。

III -b. 英語でどう言う?
ベルトを締める
fasten one's belt
【例文】I fastened my belt one hole tighter than usual.
シャツのすそを(ズボンの中に)入れる
tuck in one's shirt
【例文】I pulled up my jeans and tucked in my shirt.
帽子を深くかぶる
pull one's hat down
【例文】My grandfather pulled his hat down to keep it from blowing away.
靴べらを使う
use shoehorn
【例文】My brother always uses a shoehorn when putting on his shoes.

III-c Phrases in the News
小選挙区
single-seat districts (constituencies)
※A fivefold increase in the number of single-seat districts that pit candidates from the ruling and the main opposition parties directly against each other will likely define the outcome of the Aug. 30 Lower House election.
※与野党候補の一騎打ちとなる小選挙区の数が5倍に増えたことが、8月30日の総選挙の結果を左右するだろう。

IV. Jokes
a. I was pouring a cup of tea when I looked out of a kitchen window and saw my son walking towards the house while staring at something on the roof.
His toys were scattered all over the garden and he could have tripped over them at any moment.
I sighed and prepared to give him a talk about the importance of looking where he was going.
Then I glanced down. Tea was pouring all over the worktop."

b. Visiting a hotel, I encountered a golden wedding anniversary party and was introduced to the gentleman concerned. I congratulated him and asked what the key to lasting love was.
"Don't tell my wife, but I'll let you in on a secret," he said. "I've been henpecked all my married life and have been too afraid to ask for a divorce."

c. A colleague had to visit the ladies' lavatory but, upon entering a cubicle, found a rather disgusting toilet that hadn't been flushed.
"Yuck!" she said, backed out hastily and used another cubicle.
Another lady came in while my friend was washing her hands. She entered the cubicle with the unpleasant toilet and also retreated rapidly.
My friend smiled. "I did that!" she trilled.
It wasn't until much later that she realized why the woman gave her a withering look.

d. Saving for a new car on a teacher's salary takes a while. So in the meantime, a mechanic friend loaned me an old junker so beat up that even its dents had dents.
I came out of school one day to find a police officer and a woman examining it. "What's going on?" I asked.
"I saw her hit your car," the cop explained. "But I can't figure out where."

e. Steve, my accountant husband, and I both suffer from insomnia. One night, I suggested we try a relaxation technique.
Lying with my eyes closed, I described a calming scene: "We're in a bungalow on a tropical island. A gentle breeze comes through the French doors that lead to our private beach …"
A wide-awake voice startled me. "How much is this vacation costing us?"



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